{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T12:46:17Z","timestamp":1777898777019,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]],"date-time":"2025-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764460800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Since 2000, leprosy has not been notifiable in Washington State, and statewide leprosy data have not been reported. We sought to increase our understanding of leprosy epidemiology in Washington State since 2001.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We reviewed data from the National Hansen\u2019s Disease Program to identify clinically diagnosed leprosy cases from 2001 through 2023 among Washington State residents. We analyzed cases over time, by county of residence, disease type, and global birth region. We used Poisson regression to estimate rates by birth region and incidence rate ratios to compare rates among US-born residents and those from other global birth regions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We identified 131 cases of leprosy in Washington State from 2001 through 2023. Most cases were among non\u2013US-born people (95%), males (72%), and adults aged 18 to 64 years (87%); one-third were among Micronesian or Marshallese people. As compared with US-born people (0.2 per 1 000 000 population), the leprosy rate was 1064 times (95% CI, 466-3069) higher among people born in Oceania (215 per 1 000 000 population). Incidence rate ratios for other birth regions ranged from 301 (95% CI, 43-1396) for South America to 28 (95% CI, 11-82) for Asia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Focused public health interventions, including increased physician awareness of leprosy and its stigma for populations at high risk, may reduce the incidence of leprosy among Washington State residents born in Oceania, who had a disproportionately high disease rate.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00333549251387916","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]],"date-time":"2025-11-30T11:58:41Z","timestamp":1764503921000},"page":"278-285","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Epidemiology of Leprosy (Hansen Disease) in Washington State, 2001-2023"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"141","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2559-2922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia C.","family":"Bennett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, WA, USA"},{"name":"Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcia J.","family":"Goldoft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James W.","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Snohomish County Health Department, Everett, WA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Noonan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Snohomish County Health Department, Everett, WA, USA"},{"name":"Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7181-9636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregory S.","family":"Olson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7669-2803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason D.","family":"Simmons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ramanuj","family":"Lahiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Hansen\u2019s Disease Program, Health Systems Bureau, Health Resources and Services Administration, US Department of Health and Human Services, Baton Rouge, LA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Flynn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Hansen\u2019s Disease Program, Health Systems Bureau, Health Resources and Services Administration, US Department of Health and Human Services, Baton Rouge, LA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0376-1337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua A.","family":"Lieberman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Lindquist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michelle L.","family":"Holshue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, WA, USA"},{"name":"Career Epidemiology Field Officer Program, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"39","article-title":"Leprosy (Hansen\u2019s disease): an update and review","volume":"120","author":"Gilmore A","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gilmore A, Roller J, Dyer JA. 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