{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T12:46:25Z","timestamp":1777898785846,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769126400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CDC-RFA-DD22-2202"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CDC-RFA-DD22-2202"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is frequently undiagnosed or misdiagnosed, particularly among populations at elevated risk of the condition. We examined the prevalence of FAS among children aged 0 to 5 years enrolled in Medicaid, described characteristics of affected children, and evaluated diagnostic timing between children in foster care and children not in foster care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a retrospective analysis of Medicaid Transformed Analytic Files for children born from 2015 through 2017 with FAS diagnoses (n\u2009=\u2009771), following each birth cohort for 5 years. We used descriptive statistics to examine prevalence rates and demographic characteristics. Multivariate linear regression models assessed differences in diagnostic timing between children in foster care and children not in foster care, controlling for demographic factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The overall FAS prevalence per 100 000 children aged 0 to 5 years enrolled in Medicaid was 7.7, increasing from 5.1 in 2015 to 11.4 in 2017. Children in foster care represented 60.2% (n\u2009=\u2009464) of the FAS cohort. Although behavioral assessments occurred at similar ages for both groups, children in foster care received FAS diagnoses 4.6 to 5.4 months later than children not in foster care (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.001). The time between the first behavioral assessment and FAS diagnosis was 2.1 to 3.9 months longer for children in foster care than for children not in foster case.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Children in foster care had substantial delays in diagnosis compared with children not in foster care. Initial access to behavioral assessment appears equitable; however, barriers exist in the progression from assessment to diagnosis for children in foster care. Implementing targeted screening protocols, improving cross-system information sharing, and enhancing health care provider training could reduce diagnostic delays and improve outcomes for this population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00333549251403892","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T11:14:17Z","timestamp":1769166857000},"page":"430-438","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Foster Care Status and the Timing of Diagnosis of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome in a Medicaid Sample"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"141","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7113-0561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saumya","family":"Chatrath","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mathematica, Inc, Princeton, NJ, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5347-0773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda","family":"Kudis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mathematica, Inc, Princeton, NJ, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1888-1857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Priya","family":"Shanmugam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mathematica, Inc, Princeton, NJ, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chase","family":"Barham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mathematica, Inc, Princeton, NJ, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Coles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5008-0887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie","family":"Kable","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.12.027"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30150-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.15441"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","first-page":"20","article-title":"Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder\u2014issues of misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis in Black youth: a case report","volume":"18","author":"Ergun G","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ergun G, Schultz MS, Rettig EK. 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