{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T06:53:35Z","timestamp":1785912815351,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769558400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Illicit fentanyl exposure among US children has increased in the past 10 years. However, whether rates of prescription fentanyl exposure have changed in this population is unknown. We described prescription fentanyl exposure among young children.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We studied cases of prescription fentanyl exposure among children aged &lt;6 years that were reported to the National Poison Data System (NPDS) from 2012 through 2024. We described the characteristics of prescription fentanyl exposure and US geographic patterns. We used binomial tests, the Pearson \u03c7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      test, and joinpoint trend analysis with a type I error rate of .05 as the threshold for significance.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      From 2012 through 2024, a total of 376 cases of prescription fentanyl exposure among children aged &lt;6 years were reported to NPDS. Boys (n\u2009=\u2009179; 47.6%) and girls (n\u2009=\u2009196; 52.1%) were equally represented (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.48). Significantly more children aged &lt;2 years than aged 2 to 6 years in our study group had prescription fentanyl exposure (61.5%;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.001), and the most common formulation was transdermal patch (n\u2009=\u2009202; 53.7%). Joinpoint trend analysis showed a slight but not significant increase in prescription fentanyl exposure among children aged &lt;6 years from 2012 through 2015. However, from 2015 through 2024, prescription fentanyl exposure significantly decreased (annual percentage change\u2009=\u2009\u22127.9;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.05). The state with the highest annual exposure rate from prescription fentanyl was Vermont (4.3 per 1 million population).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>From 2015 through 2024, during a time of increasing exposure to illicit fentanyl, prescription fentanyl exposure among children aged &lt;6 years decreased. Safe disposal of transdermal patches is important, and caregiver education is needed to prevent serious medical outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00333549251412307","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T23:57:53Z","timestamp":1769644673000},"page":"552-557","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characteristics of Cases of Prescription Fentanyl Exposure Among US Children Aged &lt;6 Years Reported to Poison Centers, 2012-2024"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"141","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2292-0102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keisuke","family":"Abe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wesley Medical Center, Wichita, KS, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynne","family":"Fullerton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Swift","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Public Health, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristine","family":"Tollestrup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Public Health, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caitlin","family":"Bonney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Understanding the opioid overdose epidemic. Overdose prevention. July 12 2025. Accessed August 15 2025. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/overdose-prevention\/about\/understanding-the-opioid-overdose-epidemic.html"},{"issue":"43","key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","first-page":"1487","article-title":"Vital signs: overdoses of prescription opioid pain relievers\u2014United States, 1999-2008","volume":"60","author":"Paulozi LF","year":"2011","unstructured":"Paulozi LF, Jones CM, Mack KA, Rudd RA. Vital signs: overdoses of prescription opioid pain relievers\u2014United States, 1999-2008. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011;60(43):1487-1492.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000003806"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC WISQARS; Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System. 2025. Accessed August 7 2025. https:\/\/wisqars.cdc.gov"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2313270"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","unstructured":"America\u2019s Poison Centers. National Poison Data System. 2025. Accessed August 22 2025. https:\/\/poisoncenters.org\/national-poison-data-system"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","unstructured":"US Census Bureau. Census data. 2024. Accessed July 22 2025. https:\/\/www.census.gov"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","first-page":"574","article-title":"Accidental childhood poisoning: influence of the type of caretaker on etiology and risk","volume":"30","author":"Wezorek C","year":"1988","unstructured":"Wezorek C, Dean B, Krenzelok E. Accidental childhood poisoning: influence of the type of caretaker on etiology and risk. Vet Hum Toxicol. 1988;30(6):574-576.","journal-title":"Vet Hum Toxicol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0121122"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17457300.2015.1032978"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14423\/SMJ.0000000000001268"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1602826"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","unstructured":"US Food and Drug Administration. Drug disposal: FDA\u2019s flush list for certain medicines. October 1 2020. Accessed February 29 2024. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/drugs\/disposal-unused-medicines-what-you-should-know\/drug-disposal-fdas-flush-list-certain-medicines"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000992280204100403"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","unstructured":"American Academy of Pediatrics. Bright futures. February 21 2017. Accessed March 27 2024. https:\/\/www.aap.org\/en\/practice-management\/bright-futures"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/her\/17.2.221"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4081\/gh.2019.736"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-019-1514-7"}],"container-title":["Public Health Reports\u00ae"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00333549251412307","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00333549251412307","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00333549251412307","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T06:36:11Z","timestamp":1785911771000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00333549251412307"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00333549251412307"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00333549251412307","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-3549","1468-2877"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-3549","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-2877","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]}}}