{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T06:53:30Z","timestamp":1785912810057,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773100800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773100800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020391","name":"state of rhode island department of health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020391","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"COBRE on Opioids and Overdose","award":["P20GM125507"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20GM125507"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fentanyl overdose deaths are a critical public health issue in the United States. Rhode Island, an early epicenter of the fentanyl crisis, has seen fentanyl overdose deaths increase 30-fold since 2009. In response, harm reduction tools such as fentanyl test strips (FTSs) have been introduced to help people who use drugs (PWUD) detect fentanyl in their substances. We analyzed FTS use among PWUD in Rhode Island from 2021 through 2023 and identified characteristics associated with their use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We conducted a pooled cross-sectional analysis using aggregate data from the Rhode Island Harm Reduction Surveillance System. We used bivariate Pearson \u03c7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      tests to assess the relationship between past-month FTS use and demographic and behavioral characteristics. Because analyses were limited to unadjusted comparisons, these findings are exploratory and hypothesis generating.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of 498 survey respondents, most identified as male (n\u2009=\u2009328; 65.9%), non-Hispanic White (n\u2009=\u2009204; 41.0%), straight (n\u2009=\u2009400; 80.3%), and aged 25 to 44 years (n\u2009=\u2009288; 57.8%). The most frequently reported substances used were crack (n\u2009=\u2009355; 71.3%), cocaine (n\u2009=\u2009219; 44.0%), and fentanyl\/heroin (n\u2009=\u2009196; 39.4%). Only 31.7% of individuals reported FTS use in the past 30 days. FTS use was significantly associated with age, race and ethnicity, witnessing an overdose, possessing naloxone, and recent fentanyl\/heroin use (all\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite FTS distribution efforts and overdose risk, FTS uptake in Rhode Island was low. Future research should assess barriers to FTS adoption and consider integrating FTS distribution within naloxone programs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00333549261424731","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T19:04:57Z","timestamp":1773255897000},"page":"558-564","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploratory Analysis of the Characteristics Associated With the Use of Fentanyl Test Strips Among People Who Use Drugs in Rhode Island, 2021-2023"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"141","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0988-047X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Menaka","family":"Naidu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaejoon","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rhode Island Department of Health, Providence, RI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristen","family":"St. John","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rhode Island Department of Health, Providence, RI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily M.","family":"Ledingham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rhode Island Department of Health, Providence, RI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haley","family":"McKee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brown University Warren Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5047-4413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle","family":"McKenzie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brown University Warren Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6490-9887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ju Nyeong","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA"},{"name":"Brown University Warren Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, USA"},{"name":"Harm Reduction Innovation Lab, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","unstructured":"Ramos-Matos CF Bistas KG Lopez-Ojeda W. Fentanyl. StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. Updated May 29 2023. Accessed February 18 2025. http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK459275\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","unstructured":"US Drug Enforcement Administration. Facts about fentanyl. No date. Accessed April 3 2025. https:\/\/www.dea.gov\/resources\/facts-about-fentanyl"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxaa011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","unstructured":"National Institute on Drug Abuse. Fentanyl. Updated June 2025. Accessed February 18 2025. https:\/\/nida.nih.gov\/research-topics\/fentanyl"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-023-00863-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2020.102661"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-018-0276-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2018.09.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2018.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-019-0311-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-022-00720-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","unstructured":"Dennis A Davis C. Legality of Drug Checking Equipment in the United States. The Network for Public Health Law; 2024. Accessed February 18 2025. https:\/\/www.networkforphl.org\/resources\/legality-of-drug-checking-equipment-in-the-united-states"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.13004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. What you can do to test for fentanyl. Stop Overdose. 2024. Accessed January 28 2025. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/stop-overdose\/safety\/index.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-023-00921-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-023-00911-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2022.109610"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","unstructured":"Prevent Overdose RI. Overdose death data. 2025. Accessed February 7 2025. https:\/\/preventoverdoseri.org\/overdose-deaths"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","unstructured":"Prevent Overdose RI. Fentanyl test strips. 2025. Accessed February 7 2025. https:\/\/preventoverdoseri.org\/fentanyl-test-strips"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","unstructured":"Prevent Overdose RI. Harm reduction data. 2025. Accessed February 12 2025. https:\/\/preventoverdoseri.org\/harm-reduction-data\/#fts"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","first-page":"70","article-title":"Preliminary findings from the Rhode Island Harm Reduction Surveillance System: January 2021\u2013December 2022","volume":"106","author":"Ledingham EM","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ledingham EM, McKenzie M, McKee H, et al. Preliminary findings from the Rhode Island Harm Reduction Surveillance System: January 2021\u2013December 2022. 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