{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T17:12:53Z","timestamp":1786122773795,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778025600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007316","name":"Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01-CA225773"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01-CA225773"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007316","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Rep"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Loneliness is strongly linked to morbidity and mortality. While social media use has been associated with increased loneliness among adolescents, little research has examined this association among adults. It is also not clear whether it is better to communicate only with close personal friends or with people one has never met in person. We examined whether real-life closeness of social media contacts was associated with loneliness among a nationally representative sample of US adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants included 1512 US adults aged 30 to 70 years who were surveyed in July and August 2023. We assessed loneliness using the National Institutes of Health Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System\u2019s 4-item scale. Participants self-reported the proportion of their social media contacts whom they had \u201cnever met in person\u201d (NMP) and whom they considered \u201cclose personal friends\u201d (CPFs). We used logistic regression to examine associations between NMPs\/CPFs and loneliness, controlling for 7 sociodemographic covariates and including survey weights to make results nationally representative.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In fully adjusted weighted multivariable models, participants in the highest quartile for NMPs had more than double the odds of loneliness (adjusted odds ratio\u2009=\u20092.33; 95% CI, 1.52-3.58) than those in the lowest quartile, and the association between NMPs and loneliness was linear (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.001). However, we found no significant association between CPFs and loneliness (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.93).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While having more social media interactions with relative strangers was linked to increased loneliness, having more social media contacts who were CPFs was not linked to reduced loneliness. Future research should examine temporal associations and reasons for these findings. It may be useful for interventions to focus on reducing interactions with NMPs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00333549261443288","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T16:00:25Z","timestamp":1778083225000},"page":"671-678","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Closeness of Social Media Contacts and Loneliness Among US Adults: A Nationally Representative Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"141","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5962-0939","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian A.","family":"Primack","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9890-7166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyosin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6087-0230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Geethika","family":"Koneru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3001-3829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Memuna","family":"Aslam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3950-4260","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica R.","family":"Gorman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Health, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","volume-title":"Our Epidemic of Loneliness and Isolation: The US Surgeon General\u2019s Advisory on the Healing Effects of Social Connection and Community","author":"Office of the Surgeon General","year":"2023","unstructured":"Office of the Surgeon General. Our Epidemic of Loneliness and Isolation: The US Surgeon General\u2019s Advisory on the Healing Effects of Social Connection and Community. US Department of Health and Human Services; 2023."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","unstructured":"The Cigna Group. Loneliness in America. 2025. Accessed March 26 2026. https:\/\/newsroom.thecignagroup.com\/loneliness-in-america"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-022-02261-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2015-308790"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/ijhrba.22688"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1219686110"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2022.2062855"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2020.0478"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1108467"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2017.01.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-022-11520-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/16337"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmmh.2024.100331"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.06.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","unstructured":"Howarth J. Worldwide daily social media usage (new 2025 data). 2025. Accessed March 26 2026. https:\/\/explodingtopics.com\/blog\/social-media-usage"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0890117118824196"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rzewnicki DI Shensa A Levenson JC Primack BA Sidani JE. Associations between positive and negative social media experiences and sleep disturbance among young adults. 2020;6(5):671-675. doi:10.1016\/j.sleh.2020.02.013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleh.2020.02.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0277-9536(00)00065-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2018.11.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2013.05.034"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2020.09.035"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","first-page":"56","article-title":"How use of social media and social comparison affect mental health","volume":"116","author":"Warrender D","year":"2020","unstructured":"Warrender D, Milne R. How use of social media and social comparison affect mental health. Nursing Times Online. 2020;116(3):56-59.","journal-title":"Nursing Times Online"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13651501.2018.1539180"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2018.1440575"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/02654075211029384"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2021.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","unstructured":"Qualtrics Survey Platform. Qualtrics. Accessed March 26 2026. https:\/\/www.qualtrics.com"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","unstructured":"Qualtrics. Online research panels and samples for surveys. 2025. Accessed March 26 2026. https:\/\/www.qualtrics.com\/research-services\/online-sample"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","unstructured":"Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System. Social isolation scoring manual. 2021. Accessed March 26 2026. https:\/\/www.healthmeasures.net\/images\/PROMIS\/manuals\/Scoring_Manuals_\/PROMIS_Social_Isolation_Scoring_Manual.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118548387"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","unstructured":"Gelles-Watnick R. Americans\u2019 use of mobile technology and home broadband. Pew Research Center. January 31 2024. Accessed March 26 2026. https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/internet\/2024\/01\/31\/americans-use-of-mobile-technology-and-home-broadband"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","unstructured":"Pew Research Center. Social media fact sheet. November 13 2024. Updated November 20 2025. Accessed March 26 2026. https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/internet\/fact-sheet\/social-media"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11114\/jets.v7i10.4395"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.08.092"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115247"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2020.09.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcom.12268"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2378023120985254"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-015-0128-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.15370"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00049530.2021.1898914"}],"container-title":["Public Health Reports\u00ae"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00333549261443288","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00333549261443288","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00333549261443288","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T11:51:51Z","timestamp":1786103511000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00333549261443288"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00333549261443288"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00333549261443288","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-3549","1468-2877"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-3549","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-2877","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]}}}