{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T14:12:48Z","timestamp":1781619168659,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,14]],"date-time":"2026-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781395200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020365","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5U38PS004646"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5U38PS004646"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020365","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although the overall incidence of tuberculosis (TB) in the United States has declined in the last 2 decades, the incidence among racial and ethnic minority populations remains elevated. The objective of this study was to estimate the contributions of 4 risk factors to the incidence of TB, stratified by race and ethnicity and recent transmission in the United States.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We estimated the population attributable fractions (PAFs) of TB and TB attributed to recent transmission (RT-TB) associated with HIV, diabetes, current incarceration, and past-year experience of homelessness in the United States during 2011-2015 and 2016-2019, stratified by race and ethnicity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The 4 risk factors contributed modestly to TB and RT-TB in the overall US population. During 2016-2019, the estimated PAFs for HIV were 5.0% of all TB cases (6.0% among RT-TB), 6.7% (6.0% among RT-TB) for diabetes, 2.8% (3.9% among RT-TB) for incarceration, and 4.1% (11.3% among RT-TB) for homelessness but varied substantially by race and ethnicity. Diabetes-associated PAFs for RT-TB were &gt;10% among Asian, Hispanic, and Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander populations but 0% among other populations. By contrast, PAFs for RT-TB associated with homelessness were &lt;2% among Asian and Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander populations but &gt;10% among Hispanic, Black, American Indian or Alaska Native, and White populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Efforts to reduce TB disparities in the United States should consider race and ethnicity and associated context.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00333549261453003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T03:41:46Z","timestamp":1781494906000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Variation by Race and Ethnicity in the Population Attributable Fractions Associated With Key Tuberculosis Risk Factors in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"given":"Meha Mohammud","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raeesa","family":"Manjoo-Docrat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine O.","family":"Robsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Global Health Practice and Impact, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Cilloni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Garrett R.","family":"Beeler Asay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Steve","family":"Kammerer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3024-1940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suzanne M.","family":"Marks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Dowdy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6106-6834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sourya","family":"Shrestha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2018.304606"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab668"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7312a4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M23-2975"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-020-00709-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1513\/pats.201010-064WR"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0187967"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.13.0270"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2022.306864"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2008.535"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2004.052456"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-021-01112-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00395-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.12.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1763"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.157.4.9704036"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Reported tuberculosis in the United States 2019. 2021. Accessed November 12 2023. https:\/\/archive.cdc.gov\/www_cdc_gov\/tb\/statistics\/reports\/2019\/default.htm"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2020 Report of Verified Case of Tuberculosis (RVCT) Instruction Manual August 2021. 2021. Accessed November 12 2023. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/tb\/programs\/rvct\/instructionmanual.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwv121"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(23)00276-1"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Estimated HIV incidence and prevalence in the United States, 2015-2019","volume":"26","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2021","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Estimated HIV incidence and prevalence in the United States, 2015-2019. HIV Surveill Suppl Rep. 2021;26(1):1-81.","journal-title":"HIV Surveill Suppl Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Estimated HIV incidence and prevalence in the United States, 2014-2018","volume":"25","author":"Linley L","year":"2020","unstructured":"Linley L, Johnson AS, Song R. Estimated HIV incidence and prevalence in the United States, 2014-2018. HIV Surveill Suppl Rep. 2020;25(1):1-78.","journal-title":"HIV Surveill Suppl Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Estimated HIV incidence and prevalence in the United States, 2010-2016","volume":"24","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2019","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Estimated HIV incidence and prevalence in the United States, 2010-2016. HIV Surveill Suppl Rep. 2019;24(1):1-89.","journal-title":"HIV Surveill Suppl Rep"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","unstructured":"Center for Disease Control and Prevention. National diabetes statistics report. 2024. Accessed July 24 2024. https:\/\/gis.cdc.gov\/grasp\/diabetes\/diabetesatlas-statsreport.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National diabetes statistics report. Estimates of diabetes and its burden in the United States. 2020. Accessed October 23 2023. https:\/\/gis.cdc.gov\/grasp\/diabetes\/diabetesatlas-statsreport.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National diabetes statistics report. Estimates of diabetes and its burden in the United States. 2022. Accessed October 23 2023. https:\/\/gis.cdc.gov\/grasp\/diabetes\/diabetesatlas-statsreport.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-0532"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","unstructured":"Carson EA. Prisoners in 2021\u2014Statistical Tables. US Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs Bureau of Justice Statistics; 2022. Accessed October 25 2023. https:\/\/bjs.ojp.gov\/library\/publications\/prisoners-2021-statistical-tables"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","unstructured":"US Department of Housing and Urban Development Office of Community Planning and Development. 2020 AHAR: part 1\u2014PIT estimates of homelessness in the U.S. 2021. Accessed October 25 2023. https:\/\/www.huduser.gov\/portal\/datasets\/ahar.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","unstructured":"US Department of Housing and Urban Development Office of Community Planning and Development. 2019-2020 AHAR: part 2\u2014annual estimates of homelessness in the U.S. 2022. Accessed October 25 2023. https:\/\/www.huduser.gov\/portal\/datasets\/ahar.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","unstructured":"US Department of Housing and Urban Development Office of Community Planning and Development. 2018 AHAR: part 2\u2014annual estimates of homelessness in the U.S. 2020. Accessed October 25 2023. https:\/\/www.huduser.gov\/portal\/datasets\/ahar.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","unstructured":"US Department of Housing and Urban Development Office of Community Planning and Development. 2017 AHAR: part 2\u2014estimates of homelessness in the U.S. 2018. Accessed October 26 2023. https:\/\/www.huduser.gov\/portal\/datasets\/ahar.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","unstructured":"US Department of Housing and Urban Development Office of Community Planning and Development. 2016 AHAR: part 2\u2014estimates of homelessness in the U.S. 2017. Accessed October 26 2023. https:\/\/www.huduser.gov\/portal\/datasets\/ahar.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","unstructured":"US Department of Housing and Urban Development Office of Community Planning and Development. 2015 AHAR: part 2\u2014estimates of homelessness in the U.S. 2016. Accessed October 26 2023. https:\/\/www.huduser.gov\/portal\/datasets\/ahar.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","unstructured":"US Department of Housing and Urban Development Office of Community Planning and Development. 2014 AHAR: part 2\u2014estimates of homelessness in the U.S. 2015. Accessed October 26 2023. https:\/\/www.huduser.gov\/portal\/datasets\/ahar.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","unstructured":"US Department of Housing and Urban Development Office of Community Planning and Development. 2013 AHAR: part 2\u2014estimates of homelessness in the U.S. 2015. Accessed October 26 2023. https:\/\/www.huduser.gov\/portal\/datasets\/ahar.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","unstructured":"US Department of Housing and Urban Development Office of Community Planning and Development. 2012 AHAR: volume 2\u2014estimates of homelessness in the U.S. 2013. Accessed October 26 2023. https:\/\/www.huduser.gov\/portal\/datasets\/ahar.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","unstructured":"US Department of Housing and Urban Development Office of Community Planning and Development. 2011 AHAR and supplemental reports. 2012. Accessed October 26 2023. https:\/\/www.huduser.gov\/portal\/datasets\/ahar.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","unstructured":"US Census Bureau. 2019: ACS 5-year estimates subject tables. 2019. Accessed November 14 2023. https:\/\/data.census.gov\/table\/ACSST5Y2019.S0501?tid=ACSST5Y2021.S0501"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","first-page":"531","article-title":"The occurrence of lung cancer in man","volume":"9","author":"Levin ML.","year":"1953","unstructured":"Levin ML. The occurrence of lung cancer in man. Acta Unio Int Contra Cancrum. 1953;9(3):531-541.","journal-title":"Acta Unio Int Contra Cancrum"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000001466"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000381"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60483-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jctube.2022.100309"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofu041"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30618-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2018.304503"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3001.230778"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiae275"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202105-580OC"}],"container-title":["Public Health Reports\u00ae"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00333549261453003","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00333549261453003","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00333549261453003","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T13:16:38Z","timestamp":1781615798000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00333549261453003"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,14]]},"references-count":50,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00333549261453003"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00333549261453003","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-3549","1468-2877"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-3549","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-2877","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,14]]},"article-number":"00333549261453003"}}