{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T17:17:56Z","timestamp":1783099076915,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782777600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Public Health Rep"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Little is known about foods associated with sporadic listeriosis, a foodborne bacterial infection. We compared self-reported foods consumed by people with sporadic versus outbreak-associated listeriosis, overall and for certain populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We analyzed data on cases with \u22651 reported food exposure reported during 2016-2022 in the United States to the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Listeria<\/jats:italic>\n                      Initiative. We used counterfactual random forests to identify foods associated with sporadic and outbreak-associated listeriosis in certain populations (eg, pregnant women).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 3413 listeriosis cases reported during 2016-2022, 83.5% (n\u2009=\u20092849) were sporadic. Many foods showed no differential association between sporadic and outbreak-associated illness, indicating similar associations or lack thereof with both illness types. While a subset of foods were associated with sporadic versus outbreak-associated listeriosis, these associations varied by population. For example, strawberries (odds ratio [OR]\u2009=\u20092.48; 95% CI, 1.11-5.52) were the only foods associated with sporadic illness among nonpregnant females aged 15 to 49 years. Among adults aged \u226565 years, 10 foods, including deli-counter sliced cheese (OR\u2009=\u20091.78; 95% CI, 1.28-2.47), were associated with sporadic listeriosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Foods associated with sporadic listeriosis differed from foods associated with outbreak-associated illness, with differences observed across population groups and by pregnancy status. These findings highlight variation in exposure patterns and underscore the need for further attribution studies focused on sporadic illness across demographic groups, to inform population-specific prevention messaging.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00333549261454960","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T13:25:14Z","timestamp":1782825914000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Case\u2013Case Study of Sporadic and Outbreak-Associated Listeriosis Exposures:\n                    <i>Listeria<\/i>\n                    Initiative Food History Data, 2016-2022"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9801-4341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angella S.","family":"Namwase","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ethel V.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Conrad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"LaTonia","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erica B.","family":"Rose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beau B.","family":"Bruce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7259-6331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel L.","family":"Weller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3104.240913"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis268"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","unstructured":"US Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy People 2030 objectives: reduce infections caused by Listeria\u2014FS\u201103. January 2 2024. Accessed December 4 2024. https:\/\/odphp.health.gov\/healthypeople\/objectives-and-data\/browse-objectives\/foodborne-illness\/reduce-infections-caused-listeria-fs-03"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7326a1"},{"issue":"22","key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","first-page":"448","article-title":"Vital signs: Listeria illnesses, deaths, and outbreaks\u2014United States, 2009-2011","volume":"62","author":"Silk BJ","year":"2013","unstructured":"Silk BJ, Mahon BE, Griffin PM, et al. Vital signs: Listeria illnesses, deaths, and outbreaks\u2014United States, 2009-2011. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2013;62(22):448-452.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.1012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","unstructured":"US Food and Drug Administration. What you need to know about preventing Listeria infections. Updated January 16 2025. Accessed April 14 2026. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/food\/buy-store-serve-safe-food\/what-you-need-know-about-preventing-listeria-infections"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","unstructured":"US Food and Drug Administration. Listeria (food safety for moms-to-be). Updated January 16 2025. Accessed April 14 2026. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/food\/health-educators\/listeria-food-safety-moms-be"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. People at increased risk for Listeria infection. September 24 2025. Accessed April 14 2026. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/listeria\/risk-factors\/index.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Confirming an etiology in foodborne outbreaks. July 30 2025. Accessed February 25 2025. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/foodborne-outbreaks\/php\/confirming-cause"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2018.2548"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1901.120393"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","unstructured":"Interagency Food Safety Analytics Collaboration. Annual reports on foodborne illness source attribution estimates. March 30 2026. Accessed January 13 2026. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ifsac\/php\/data-research\/annual-reports"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","unstructured":"Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention. CDC Listeria Initiative case report form. Accessed January 2 2025. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/listeria\/pdf\/listeria-initiative-case-report-form-p.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. About the Listeria Initiative. February 3 2025. Accessed April 15 2026. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/listeria\/php\/surveillance\/listeria-initiative.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Outbreak detection. March 18 2024. Accessed February 25 2025. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/pulsenet\/hcp\/about\/outbreak-detection.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","unstructured":"Casas P. funModeling: exploratory data analysis and data preparation tool-box. Accessed December 4 2025. https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/funModeling\/index.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","unstructured":"Casas P. RDocumentation: funModeling (version 1.9.4). December 15 2025. Updated December 12 2023. https:\/\/www.rdocumentation.org\/packages\/funModeling\/versions\/1.9.4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","unstructured":"Kogalur U. RDocumentation: randomForestSRC (version 3.2.3). Accessed December 15 2025. https:\/\/www.rdocumentation.org\/packages\/randomForestSRC\/versions\/3.2.3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2207.150833"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","unstructured":"Interagency Food Safety Analytics Collaboration. Foodborne illness source attribution estimates\u2014United States 2022. December 13 2024. Accessed April 14 2026. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ifsac\/php\/data-research\/annual-report-2022.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","unstructured":"Interagency Food Safety Analytics Collaboration US Food and Drug Administration. IFSAC announces priorities for 2022-2023. January 14 2022. Accessed April 15 2026. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/food\/hfp-constituent-updates\/ifsac-announces-priorities-2022-2023"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","unstructured":"Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Healthy People 2030: goal: reduce foodborne illness. No date. Accessed April 15 2026. https:\/\/odphp.health.gov\/healthypeople\/objectives-and-data\/browse-objectives\/foodborne-illness"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-016-0251-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1077727X01294003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03670244.2014.922071"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/TQM-05-2023-0156"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14050941"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0195-6663(92)90164-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-022-00557-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevent getting sick from Listeria. Accessed January 2 2025. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/listeria\/pdf\/prevent-getting-sick-older-adults-h.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention C. Multistate foodborne outbreak investigations involving Listeria investigated by the CDC. Accessed December 15 2025. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/listeria\/outbreaks\/index.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/498113"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2016.12.016"}],"container-title":["Public Health Reports\u00ae"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00333549261454960","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00333549261454960","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00333549261454960","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T16:23:53Z","timestamp":1783095833000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00333549261454960"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"references-count":34,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00333549261454960"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00333549261454960","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-3549","1468-2877"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-3549","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-2877","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"article-number":"00333549261454960"}}