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Herein, we aimed to explore whether BM-MSCs therapy protects against rTBI-induced long-term neurobehavioral disorders in rats via normalizing white matter integrity and gray matter microglial response. Rats were subjected to repeated mild lateral fluid percussion on day 0 and day 3. On the fourth day post-surgery, MSCs groups received MSCs (4\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\n                    cells\/ml\/kg, intravenously) and were assessed by the radial maze, Y maze, passive avoidance tests, and modified neurological severity scores. Hematoxylin &amp; eosin, and Luxol fast blue stainings were used to examine the histopathology and white matter thickness. At the same time, immunofluorescence staining was used to investigate the numbers of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-\u03b1)-containing microglia in gray matter. Three to nine months after neurotrauma, rats displayed sensorimotor and cognitive impairments, reduced thickness in white matter, and over-accumulation of TNF-\u03b1-containing microglia and cellular damage in gray matter. Therapy with BM-MSCs significantly attenuated the rTBI-induced sensorimotor and cognitive impairments and all their complications. Mesenchymal stem cell therapy might accelerate the recovery of sensorimotor and cognitive impairments in rats with rTBI via normalizing myelin integrity and microglia response.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00368504241231154","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T03:20:16Z","timestamp":1709263216000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Mesenchymal stem cells reduce long-term cognitive deficits and attenuate myelin disintegration and microglia activation following repetitive traumatic brain injury"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"107","author":[{"given":"Lan-Wan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan 710, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan 710, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chung-Ching","family":"Chio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan 710, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chien-Ming","family":"Chao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Liouying, Tainan, 73657, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Dental Laboratory Technology, Min-Hwei College of Health Care Management, Tainan, 73657, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pi-Yu","family":"Chao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan 710, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mao-Tsun","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical 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