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The behaviour of the fish was observed throughout the experiment, and the results showed that increasing concentrations of the surfactants led to progressively abnormal behaviour, including hyperventilation and altered opercular beat frequency. These behavioural changes indicated respiratory distress and neurotoxic effects. Histological analysis revealed structural aberrations in the gill and liver tissues, with higher concentrations causing more severe damage, such as lesions, necrosis, inflammation, and cellular degeneration. This implies that surfactants released even at low concentrations are capable of inducing changes in the tissues of aquatic organisms. These findings highlight the toxic effects of the surfactants on fish health and provide biomarkers of toxicity. Future research should focus on understanding the specific mechanisms and long-term consequences of surfactant toxicity on fish genetic composition, populations, and ecosystems to implement effective conservation measures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00368504241231663","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,15]],"date-time":"2024-03-15T19:07:20Z","timestamp":1710529640000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Ecotoxicity of commonly used oilfield-based emulsifiers on Guinean Tilapia (\n                    <i>Tilapia guineensis<\/i>\n                    ) using histopathology and behavioral alterations as protocol"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"107","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1722-7776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davies Ibienebo","family":"Chris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"World Bank Africa Centre of Excellence, Centre for Oilfield Chemicals Research, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria"},{"name":"Department of Fisheries, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Okechukwu Kenneth","family":"Wokeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Rivers State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillermo","family":"T\u00e9llez-Isa\u00edas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zulhisyam Abdul","family":"Kari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Science, Faculty of Agro-Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9333-9270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamad Nor","family":"Azra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Climate Adaptation and Marine Biotechnology (ICAMB), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu (UMT), Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia"},{"name":"Research Center for Marine and Land Bioindustry (Earth Sciences and Maritime), National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Pemenang, West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-00368504241231663","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-019-7595-9"},{"key":"bibr2-00368504241231663","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30574\/ijsra.2022.6.2.0157"},{"key":"bibr3-00368504241231663","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/w13192660"},{"key":"bibr4-00368504241231663","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2020.105644"},{"key":"bibr5-00368504241231663","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C8EW00472B"},{"key":"bibr6-00368504241231663","first-page":"25","volume":"17","author":"Athira N","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature Environment & Pollution Technology"},{"key":"bibr7-00368504241231663","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bej.2022.108377"},{"key":"bibr8-00368504241231663","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy12030662"},{"key":"bibr9-00368504241231663","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cis.2020.102340"},{"key":"bibr10-00368504241231663","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jmse10060762"},{"key":"bibr11-00368504241231663","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.30574\/wjarr.2021.9.3.0075"},{"key":"bibr12-00368504241231663","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21553769.2016.1162753"},{"key":"bibr13-00368504241231663","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.3848"},{"key":"bibr14-00368504241231663","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2011.05.011"},{"key":"bibr15-00368504241231663","first-page":"01","volume":"7","author":"Sharma M","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies"},{"key":"bibr16-00368504241231663","first-page":"27","volume":"1","author":"Reddy PB","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends in Life Sciences"},{"key":"bibr17-00368504241231663","first-page":"79","volume":"2","author":"Reddy PB","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Research Journal of Environment Sciences"},{"key":"bibr18-00368504241231663","first-page":"13","volume":"4","author":"Drishya MK","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. 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