{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:03:28Z","timestamp":1787018608637,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]],"date-time":"2024-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719792000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Science Progress"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The world has moved toward renewable energy resources for three major reasons: (1) to mitigate climate change arising from the excessive emission of greenhouse gases, (2) to protect health by lowering greenhouse gas emissions, and (3) to meet ever-increasing demands for energy. Shiraz is a major city in Iran and struggles with pollution challenges due to the presence of highly polluting industries. The increased energy demand and the lack of a demand\u2013supply trade-off have led to frequent power outages in Shiraz in recent years. Batteries have been of great interest to researchers as they have a wide range of compounds and variety in the market and strongly influence the function and initial costs of hybrid energy systems. This study models a hybrid renewable energy system using four different batteries, that is, lead-acid, Li-ion, vanadium redox, and zinc-bromine batteries. These four scenarios were subjected to techno-economic analysis in HOMER. The system was assumed to generate 3000 kW of industrial power and 300\u2005kWh of office\/domestic power. It was demonstrated that the hybrid system with the lead-acid battery was the most optimal system to supply power to the case-study industrial plant for both industrial and domestic load, with a levelized cost of energy of 0.47\u2005USD\/kWh and an initial cost of 6.02 million USD. However, the hybrid system with the Li-ion battery will become more optimal than the system with the lead-acid battery if Li-ion batteries continue to become more affordable in &lt; 5 years. This system would decrease CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    emissions by 1,060,133 kg every year as compared to the diesel system.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00368504241265003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]],"date-time":"2024-08-09T01:33:00Z","timestamp":1723167180000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Techno-economic analysis of off-grid hybrid wind-photovoltaic-battery power system by analyzing different batteries for the industrial plant in Shiraz Industrial Town, Iran"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"107","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1888-9060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amin","family":"Jahed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Energy Systems Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7785-0060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aria","family":"Abbaspour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Energy Systems Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2652-6011","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abolfazl","family":"Ahmadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Energy Systems Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-00368504241265003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.12.449"},{"key":"bibr2-00368504241265003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2020.117956"},{"key":"bibr3-00368504241265003","first-page":"809","volume":"75","author":"Barrington-Leigh CP","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pol Energy eJ"},{"key":"bibr4-00368504241265003","unstructured":"Iran ranks 10th in the production of greenhouse gases and ranks 8th in the most polluted cities in the world. irna. 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