{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T13:32:44Z","timestamp":1788874364799,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Science Progress"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cognitive flexibility is the ability to transition between various tasks flexibly, which declines in aging. The purpose of this quasi-experimental study was to investigate the effect of a 12-week multicomponent exercise intervention on cognitive flexibility and attention, measured by color trail test (CTT)-1, CTT-2, and CTT 2-1 difference, in community-dwelling older adults. The relationship between cognitive flexibility and muscular fitness was also examined.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The participants were assigned to either the exercise group (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200941, aged 70.6\u2009\u00b1\u20095.9 years) or the control group (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200918, aged 67.9\u2009\u00b1\u20094.9 years). The exercise group participated in a 90-minute multicomponent exercise session, including endurance, resistance, and stretching training, twice a week for 12 weeks. Participants in the control group maintained their sedentary lifestyle. CTT and muscular fitness, including 30-second arm curl, 30-second chair stand, and 2-minute step tests, were measured before and after the intervention.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A significant group\u00d7time interaction effect was found in CTT-2, CTT 2-1 difference, chair stand, and step test. After the intervention, the exercise group showed a significantly better cognitive flexibility, indicated by faster completion time in CTT-2 (before: 140.3\u2009\u00b1\u200960.1 seconds, after: 127.0\u2009\u00b1\u200960.6 seconds) and improved CTT 2-1 difference (before: 82.8\u2009\u00b1\u200949.5 seconds, after: 72.2\u2009\u00b1\u200949.0 seconds). The exercise group also improved the number of repetitions in chair stand (before: 18.5\u2009\u00b1\u20095.0, after: 22.8\u2009\u00b1\u20095.5) and step test (before: 108.9\u2009\u00b1\u200916.2, after: 126.2\u2009\u00b1\u200919.0). The cognitive and muscular performance remained unchanged in the control group. Moreover, better performance in the 30-second chair stand test was associated with faster completion time in CTT-1 at baseline (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u20130.296).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The amelioration in cognitive flexibility coincided with improvements in muscular fitness after a 12-week multicomponent exercise intervention in older adults. Better muscular strength was associated with higher cognitive flexibility at the baseline.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00368504251346018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T03:02:14Z","timestamp":1748401334000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Multicomponent exercise improved cognitive flexibility and muscular fitness in community-dwelling older adults"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"Yi-Ling","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nan Hua University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3728-8727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ching-Hsiang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Taitung University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruey-Rong","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chung Jen Junior College of Nursing, Health Science and Management, Chia-Yi County, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6417-1429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chien-Hsing","family":"Tseng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shu-Te University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsueh-Chin","family":"Chao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Ageing and health https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/ageing-and-health (accessed February 3 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12328"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2008.09.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-12-126"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2018-100451"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.13081"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2022.10.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","first-page":"2334","article-title":"Exploring the intricate nexus of sarcopenia and cognitive impairment","volume":"15","author":"Xing Y","year":"2024","unstructured":"Xing Y, Li X, Ma L. Exploring the intricate nexus of sarcopenia and cognitive impairment. Aging Dis 2024; 15: 2334\u20132344.","journal-title":"Aging Dis"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14245321"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0891988720933351"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00521"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2012.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbad092"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23279095.2019.1652176"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2019.21.3\/pharvey"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e3180616aa2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2017.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.12508"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-147-8-200710160-00010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-198805030-00005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0129088"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acn.2004.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","volume-title":"Color trails test","author":"D\u2019Elia L","year":"1996","unstructured":"D\u2019Elia L, Satz P, Uchiyama CL, et al. Color trails test. Lutz, FL, USA: Psychological Assessment Resources Inc, 1996."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","volume-title":"Color trail test Chinese version","author":"Kuo H-Y","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kuo H-Y, Hua M-S. Color trail test Chinese version. Taipei, Taiwan: Chinese Behavioral Science Corporation, 2015."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12051998"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gns071"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.12195"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2017.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","first-page":"26","article-title":"Effects of semantic coherence and aging on scene construction: a preliminary study","volume":"7","author":"Hsueh TL","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hsueh TL, Chang HT. Effects of semantic coherence and aging on scene construction: a preliminary study. J Health Sci 2021; 7: 26\u201352.","journal-title":"J Health Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/193229681200600416"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.082883"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afu010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1392429"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2009.0462"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/japa.2022-0040"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/japa.17.2.154"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-023-00499-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2022.2060332"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2008.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0626-16.2016"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00221309.2022.2048785"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhab102"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-023-01033-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2022.111947"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-019-01148-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.05.025"}],"container-title":["Science Progress"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00368504251346018","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00368504251346018","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00368504251346018","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T11:16:15Z","timestamp":1777634175000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00368504251346018"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00368504251346018"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00368504251346018","relation":{},"ISSN":["0036-8504","2047-7163"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0036-8504","type":"print"},{"value":"2047-7163","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"article-number":"00368504251346018"}}