{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T16:58:05Z","timestamp":1791478685861,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52064043, 51464036, 52464014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52064043, 51464036, 52464014"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shanxi Institute of Technology high-level talent research start-up project"},{"name":"Central guidance for local scientific and technological development Foundation","award":["2024ZY0068"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024ZY0068"]}]},{"name":"Scientific and technological innovation projects of colleges and universities in Shanxi Province","award":["2024L436"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024L436"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Program of Shanxi Province","award":["202403021222358, 202403021212128"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202403021222358, 202403021212128"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Science Progress"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Rock is the most common engineering material in nature, among which sandstone has the widest distribution. It is characterized by its loose structure, strong water absorption, and decreased strength when wet. Especially in cold regions, significant seasonal and diurnal temperature fluctuations can lead to the formation of unique frozen rock bodies. As the seasons and day\u2013night cycles change, these can transition into thawed states, generating immense local tensile and compressive stresses which result in irreversible damage to rocks with low cementing strength, making them highly susceptible to stability disasters. Therefore, studying the damage degradation mechanisms of rocks under freeze\u2013thaw cyclic loads is crucial for the safety evaluation and disaster prediction of engineering projects in cold regions. However, rocks of different lithologies in various engineering contexts exhibit significant differences, leading to distinct damage evolution mechanisms under freeze\u2013thaw cycles and loads, resulting in varying failure effects. In light of this fact, to explore the damage evolution mechanisms of sandstones with different lithologies, this study comprehensively employs theoretical analysis and experimental methods to conduct freeze\u2013thaw and load tests on Green Sandstone (QSY) and Yellow Sandstone (HSY) within a temperature range of \u221230 to 30\u00b0C for 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 cycles. The following results were obtained: The variation patterns of peak stress and elastic modulus in QSY and HSY under increasing pore numbers and pore sizes during freeze\u2013thaw cycles have been identified. Differences in rock damage resulting from variations in mineral composition between the two rock types have been clarified. It has been confirmed that QSY exhibits more pronounced degradation under identical conditions, with a macroscopic fracture surface forming after 40 freeze\u2013thaw cycles. Five evolutionary stages of QSY and HSY under cyclic freeze\u2013thaw and loading conditions have been established. The analysis revealed that the trends in event rate and cumulative event count align with the characteristics observed in the stress-strain curve. Notably, the emergence of a high event rate without a corresponding low event rate was identified as a precursor to specimen failure, with 30 freeze\u2013thaw cycles marking the transition point where QSY shifts from brittle to plastic failure behavior. In contrast, HSY consistently exhibits brittle failure throughout the process. A damage model under combined freeze\u2013thaw and loading conditions has been developed, elucidating the evolution characteristics across three stages\u2014quiescent, accelerated, and stable. The correlation between the number of freeze\u2013thaw cycles and the initial damage value has been determined, confirming that QSY is more susceptible to freeze\u2013thaw effects under comparable conditions. Furthermore, the accelerated damage stage has been identified as the critical phase leading to rock failure and instability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00368504251368706","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T07:07:09Z","timestamp":1754982429000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Research on damage evolution mechanism of sandstones with different lithologies under freeze\u2013thaw cyclic loads"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"Junpeng","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy Industry, Shanxi College of Technology, Shuozhou, China"},{"name":"Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wencai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4949-0556","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hongbo","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy Industry, Shanxi College of Technology, Shuozhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingjing","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy Industry, Shanxi College of Technology, Shuozhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenyu","family":"Pei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Energy Industry, Shanxi College of Technology, Shuozhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"1859","article-title":"Study on spatial parameterization of freeze\u2013thaw action of surface soil in plateau cold regions","volume":"45","author":"Gao HR","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gao HR, Xu C, Zhang WC, et al. 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