{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T23:42:25Z","timestamp":1793835745590,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Science Progress"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study sought to explore the association of magnesium (Mg) status and blood glucose control, represented by Mg depletion score (MDS) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level, respectively, with the risk of diabetic retinopathy (DR) among type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients, and whether there were interactions between Mg status and blood glucose control on the risk of DR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data of this cross-sectional study were extracted from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) database 2005\u20132018. MDS was an indicator to assess the overall Mg status in the human body that considers the pathophysiological factors influencing the kidneys\u2019 reabsorption capability. Blood glucose control was represented by hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and HbA1c level \u22657% referred to poor blood glucose control. Receiver Operating curve (ROC) analysis was performed to evaluate the predictive performance of MDS and HbA1c for DR. Weighted univariate and multivariate analyses were utilized to explore the MDS and HbA1c and their interactions effects on the risk of DR, with odds ratios (ORs), 95% confidence intervals (CIs), relative excess risk due to interactions (RERI) and attributable proportion due to interactions (AP). These interactions were further explored based on the age, gender, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) history.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 4487 T2DM patients were included, of whom 942 (20.99%) had DR. After covariate adjustment, both high MDS (\u22652) and elevated HbA1c levels (\u22657%) demonstrated significant independent associations with increased DR risk. ROC analysis showed MDS (AUC\u2009=\u20090.766) and HbA1c (AUC\u2009=\u20090.749) in fully adjusted models. Significant interactions between MDS and HbA1c amplified DR risk beyond individual effects, with this pattern most pronounced among female patients, those aged \u226560 years, and individuals with a cardiovascular disease history.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results of this study suggested that high MDS as well as high HbA1c level may have interaction effects on the high risk of DR among T2DM patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00368504251392701","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T17:05:38Z","timestamp":1762794338000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Blood glucose control, magnesium status, and diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: Evidence from NHANES 2005\u20132018"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"108","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2929-8930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liping","family":"Gu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou Vocational Health College"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0936-1708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Song","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou Vocational Health College"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5695-5061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou Vocational Health College"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sapharm.2023.11.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2021.05.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(19)30411-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","article-title":"Emerging targets in type 2 diabetes and diabetic complications","volume":"8","author":"Demir S","year":"2021","unstructured":"Demir S, Nawroth PP, Herzig S, et al. Emerging targets in type 2 diabetes and diabetic complications. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2021; 8: e2100275.","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinh)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.13480"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","article-title":"Associations of serum and urinary magnesium with the pre-diabetes, diabetes and diabetic complications in the Chinese northeast population","volume":"8","author":"Xu J","year":"2013","unstructured":"Xu J, Xu W, Yao H, et al. Associations of serum and urinary magnesium with the pre-diabetes, diabetes and diabetic complications in the Chinese northeast population. 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Glycemic targets: standards of medical care in diabetes-2019","volume":"42","author":"American Diabetes Association","year":"2019","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association. 6. Glycemic targets: standards of medical care in diabetes-2019. Diabetes Care 2019; 42: S61\u2013s70.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4178\/epih.e2024020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6650a1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0200701"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10641963.2023.2233712"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-023-01839-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-022-01985-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","article-title":"The effects of oral magnesium supplementation on glycemic response among type 2 diabetes patients","volume":"11","author":"Wa EL","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wa EL, Naser IA, Taleb MH, et al. The effects of oral magnesium supplementation on glycemic response among type 2 diabetes patients. 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Cell Physiol Biochem 2023; 57: 1\u201323.","journal-title":"Cell Physiol Biochem"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13114074"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09513590.2021.1988558"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","article-title":"Assessment of magnesium status for diagnosis and therapy","volume":"23","author":"Elin RJ","year":"2010","unstructured":"Elin RJ. Assessment of magnesium status for diagnosis and therapy. Magnes Res 2010; 23: S194\u2013S198.","journal-title":"Magnes Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgae075"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","article-title":"Higher magnesium depletion score increases the risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in US adults with diabetes","volume":"20","author":"Zhang H","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang H, Kuang L, Wan Q. Higher magnesium depletion score increases the risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in US adults with diabetes. 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