{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T13:41:17Z","timestamp":1777902077053,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Science Progress"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Bacterial meningitis is a severe infection affecting the protective membranes of the brain and spinal cord, with rapidly worsening symptoms that can lead to life-threatening complications. This study presents an autonomous deterministic epidemic model,\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"inline\" overflow=\"scroll\">\n                        <mml:mi>S<\/mml:mi>\n                        <mml:msub>\n                          <mml:mi>I<\/mml:mi>\n                          <mml:mi>a<\/mml:mi>\n                        <\/mml:msub>\n                        <mml:msub>\n                          <mml:mi>I<\/mml:mi>\n                          <mml:mi>s<\/mml:mi>\n                        <\/mml:msub>\n                        <mml:mi>M<\/mml:mi>\n                        <mml:mi>R<\/mml:mi>\n                        <mml:mi>S<\/mml:mi>\n                      <\/mml:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    , to explore the dynamics of bacterial meningitis in a community implementing control strategies like media coverage, early diagnosis, isolation, and treatment. We adjust the transmission probability based on media coverage and calculate the effective reproduction number,\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"inline\" overflow=\"scroll\">\n                        <mml:msub>\n                          <mml:mrow>\n                            <mml:mi mathvariant=\"script\">R<\/mml:mi>\n                          <\/mml:mrow>\n                          <mml:mrow>\n                            <mml:mi>e<\/mml:mi>\n                            <mml:mi>f<\/mml:mi>\n                          <\/mml:mrow>\n                        <\/mml:msub>\n                      <\/mml:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    , which includes contributions from asymptomatic\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"inline\" overflow=\"scroll\">\n                        <mml:msubsup>\n                          <mml:mrow>\n                            <mml:mi mathvariant=\"script\">R<\/mml:mi>\n                          <\/mml:mrow>\n                          <mml:mrow>\n                            <mml:mi>e<\/mml:mi>\n                            <mml:mi>f<\/mml:mi>\n                          <\/mml:mrow>\n                          <mml:mi>a<\/mml:mi>\n                        <\/mml:msubsup>\n                      <\/mml:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    and symptomatic individuals\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"inline\" overflow=\"scroll\">\n                        <mml:msubsup>\n                          <mml:mrow>\n                            <mml:mi mathvariant=\"script\">R<\/mml:mi>\n                          <\/mml:mrow>\n                          <mml:mrow>\n                            <mml:mi>e<\/mml:mi>\n                            <mml:mi>f<\/mml:mi>\n                          <\/mml:mrow>\n                          <mml:mi>s<\/mml:mi>\n                        <\/mml:msubsup>\n                      <\/mml:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    . We derive the basic reproduction number,\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"inline\" overflow=\"scroll\">\n                        <mml:msub>\n                          <mml:mrow>\n                            <mml:mi mathvariant=\"script\">R<\/mml:mi>\n                          <\/mml:mrow>\n                          <mml:mn>0<\/mml:mn>\n                        <\/mml:msub>\n                      <\/mml:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    , to characterize initial infection spread and analyze the local stability of infection-free and endemic equilibria, using the Routh-Hurwitz criteria. For global stability, we apply Castillo-Chavez method for the infection-free equilibrium and the Lyapunov functional technique for the endemic equilibrium, after a uniform persistence study. A local sensitivity analysis evaluates the impact of each parameter on the threshold dynamical parameters\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"inline\" overflow=\"scroll\">\n                        <mml:msubsup>\n                          <mml:mrow>\n                            <mml:mi mathvariant=\"script\">R<\/mml:mi>\n                          <\/mml:mrow>\n                          <mml:mrow>\n                            <mml:mi>e<\/mml:mi>\n                            <mml:mi>f<\/mml:mi>\n                          <\/mml:mrow>\n                          <mml:mi>a<\/mml:mi>\n                        <\/mml:msubsup>\n                      <\/mml:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    and\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"inline\" overflow=\"scroll\">\n                        <mml:msubsup>\n                          <mml:mrow>\n                            <mml:mi mathvariant=\"script\">R<\/mml:mi>\n                          <\/mml:mrow>\n                          <mml:mrow>\n                            <mml:mi>e<\/mml:mi>\n                            <mml:mi>f<\/mml:mi>\n                          <\/mml:mrow>\n                          <mml:mi>s<\/mml:mi>\n                        <\/mml:msubsup>\n                      <\/mml:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    . We also explore an optimal control problem using Pontryagin's maximum principle. The paper concludes with numerical simulations that bridge theoretical and numerical findings.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00368504251399573","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T10:22:57Z","timestamp":1767608577000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Media campaigns, early diagnosis, isolation and treatment on bacterial meningitis outbreak prevention: A modeling study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"109","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8153-7640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ousmane","family":"Koutou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CU-Kaya\/Universit\u00e9 Joseph Ki-Zerbo"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wendkouni","family":"Ou\u00e9draogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Nazi BONI"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hamidou","family":"Ou\u00e9draogo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IBAM\/Universit\u00e9 Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Komi","family":"Afassinou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UFS"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abou Bakari","family":"Diabat\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Joseph Ki-Zerbo"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"WHO. 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World Health Organization: Global Health Observatory (GHO) data Number of suspected meningitis cases and deaths reported 2014 epidemiological season; https:\/\/www.who.int\/gho\/epidemic_diseases\/meningitis\/ suspected_cases_deaths\/en\/ (Accessed 23-02-2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chaos.2020.110237"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2012.12.035"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2017.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-247X(03)00289-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","unstructured":"WHO. World Health Organization: defeating bacterial meningitis by 2030 First meeting of the Technical Taskforce; 2019. https:\/\/www.who.int\/immunization\/research\/Defeating_meningitis_2030_TTFJuly2018_ report.pdf?ua=1&ua=1 (Accessed 23-02-2019)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","unstructured":"WHO. 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