{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T14:34:49Z","timestamp":1787063689941,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"Consejo Nacional de Humanidades, Ciencias y Tecnolog\u00edas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Science Progress"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Knee orthoses assist patients with joint instability, yet many passive designs provide limited energy dissipation and flexion-load regulation during high-demand activities. This study designed and validated a compact three-spring shock-absorption mechanism to provide quasi-passive flexion resistance, improve energy absorption, and redistribute loads in knee orthoses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A mechanical design and validation study was conducted combining analytical modeling, finite-element simulation, and pilot functional testing. The mechanism integrates two compression springs and one tension spring housed in an aluminum frame. Finite-element simulations (ANSYS Explicit Dynamics\n                      <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) evaluated deformation, absorbed energy, and von Mises stress under dynamic loading over a 0\u201370\u00b0 motion range, and were calibrated using experimental compression\/tension tests of single and paired springs. Three functional prototypes were fabricated and evaluated by three adult volunteers using one-leg rise and deep-squat tasks, with perceived assistance recorded on a 100-mm Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) under institutional ethics approval.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Simulated and experimental endpoint force and total deformation (L\n                      <jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2013 Lf) showed close agreement, with relative deviations below 3%. For the evaluated configuration, the orthosis generated an estimated total passive flexion resistance of 70.54 Nm for two modules, corresponding to a case-specific 48.22% reduction in required flexion torque when referenced to a representative post-ACLR peak torque (146.30 Nm). Peak stresses remained below the yield strength of 6061-T6 aluminum, while the beam\u2013base interface was identified as the durability-critical region. Functional testing yielded mean VAS scores of 36.67\u2009\u00b1\u20092.89 (one-leg rise) and 41.67\u2009\u00b1\u20095.77 (deep squat), indicating moderate perceived assistance.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The proposed multi-spring mechanism provides measurable quasi-passive resistance and withstands conservative high-flexion loading, supporting its feasibility as a compact assistive concept. These proof-of-concept results motivate further work on fatigue\/wear assessment, multi-objective optimization, and larger clinical studies with objective functional outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00368504261431919","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T10:50:40Z","timestamp":1773226240000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Three-spring flexion-resistance module for knee orthoses design and evaluation"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"109","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3733-1107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00edctor","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"SEPI-ESIME, U.P. Adolfo L\u00f3pez Mateos, Zacatenco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3347-6438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Orlando","family":"Susarrey-Huerta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SEPI-ESIME, U.P. Adolfo L\u00f3pez Mateos, Zacatenco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5597-1638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Usiel S.","family":"Silva-Rivera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela Militar de Ingenier\u00eda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3326-1744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wilbert D.","family":"Wong-Angel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela Militar de Ingenier\u00eda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-8175-1683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Osvaldo","family":"Quintana-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SEPI-ESIME, U.P. Adolfo L\u00f3pez Mateos, Zacatenco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.22171"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knee.2008.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/machines10100865"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.243229"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-013-2814-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03093640500238915"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/350602"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/104927"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","first-page":"719","article-title":"Design evaluation in novel orthoses for patients with medial knee osteoarthritis","volume":"9","author":"Khosravi M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Khosravi M, Arazpour M, Saeedi H, et al. Design evaluation in novel orthoses for patients with medial knee osteoarthritis. J Biomed Phys Eng 2019; 9: 719\u2013732.","journal-title":"J Biomed Phys Eng"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4051626"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2022.1018160"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics8020156"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s21248390"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s10033-024-01084-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2023.103975"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbot.2022.790070"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/718423"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/computation11080151"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0309364613501190"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMM.371.549"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics9020098"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","first-page":"1121","article-title":"Computational modelling of foot orthosis for midfoot arthritis: a Taguchi approach for design optimization","volume":"22","author":"Zhang H","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang H, Lv ML, Yang J, et al. Computational modelling of foot orthosis for midfoot arthritis: a Taguchi approach for design optimization. Acta Bioeng Biomech 2020; 22: 1121\u20131135.","journal-title":"Acta Bioeng Biomech"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-0266(01)00178-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2023.07.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mechatronics.2023.103018"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/10.102791"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bioeng.3.1.245"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1006223"}],"container-title":["Science Progress"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00368504261431919","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00368504261431919","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00368504261431919","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T10:11:10Z","timestamp":1779185470000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00368504261431919"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00368504261431919"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00368504261431919","relation":{},"ISSN":["0036-8504","2047-7163"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0036-8504","type":"print"},{"value":"2047-7163","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"article-number":"00368504261431919"}}