{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T20:48:28Z","timestamp":1782852508690,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021171","name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2024A1515012884"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024A1515012884"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021171","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100032579","name":"Beijing Medical Award Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["YXJL-2022-0351-0256"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YXJL-2022-0351-0256"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100032579","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Science Progress"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aims of this study were to develop and validate a prediction model for severe disturbance of consciousness (SDOC) occurring within 30 days of intensive care unit (ICU) admission in patients with non-traumatic intracranial hemorrhage (NTICH), and to compare and validate the predictive value of anion gap (AG), serum albumin, and albumin-corrected anion gap (ACAG) for SDOC in this population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study is a retrospective cohort study. It included a total of 873 patients with NTICH from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care (MIMIC-IV) database. These patients were randomly allocated in a 7:3 ratio to a training cohort (n = 611) and a validation cohort (n = 262). Variables selected from the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) regression were subsequently entered into a multivariable logistic regression analysis, with those demonstrating a P-value&lt; 0.05 incorporated into the final model to develop a dynamic nomogram. The discriminative ability of the model was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and calculating the area under the curve (AUC). Model performance was assessed using calibration curves and the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test (HL test). Furthermore, decision curve analysis (DCA) was employed to evaluate the net clinical benefit of the model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We developed a 14-variable prediction model for the occurrence of SDOC within 30 days of NTICH patients\u2019 ICU admission. The prediction model demonstrated satisfactory discriminative ability in the validation cohort, with an AUC of 0.870. Notably, ACAG showed superior predictive performance compared to AG and serum albumin alone. The constructed nomogram exhibited good calibration performance. DCA further confirmed the clinical utility of this predictive model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study developed a prediction model for estimating the risk of SDOC within 30 days of admission in patients with NTICH. Furthermore, ACAG demonstrated significant importance in patients who developed SDOC.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00368504261442852","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T04:21:11Z","timestamp":1776745271000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development and validation of a prediction model for severe disturbance of consciousness in patients with non-traumatic intracranial hemorrhage using albumin-corrected anion gap: A retrospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"109","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5471-0240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianping","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jinan University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ao","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9629-9833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qianwen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lihong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Jinan University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2237-8771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Lyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2371-2791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_8_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26519"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(24)00369-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002678"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13099"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_6_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Definitions, diagnostic criteria, and clinical assessment scales in disorders of consciousness","volume":"207","author":"Zhang B","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang B, Darji N, Giacino JT. Definitions, diagnostic criteria, and clinical assessment scales in disorders of consciousness. Handb Clin Neurol 2025; 207: 1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-443-13408-1.00011-7","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-024-07668-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1793-5482.154978"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_3_8_9_2","first-page":"3230","article-title":"Anion gap predicts the long-term neurological and cognitive outcomes of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage","volume":"26","author":"Shen J","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shen J, Li DL, Yang ZS, et al. Anion gap predicts the long-term neurological and cognitive outcomes of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2022; 26(9): 3230\u20133236. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26355\/eurrev_202205_28741","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_3_8_10_2","first-page":"e43149","article-title":"Prevalence of Electrolyte Imbalance in Patients With Acute Stroke: A Systematic Review","volume":"15","author":"Hossain MF","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hossain MF, Kharel M, Husna AU, et al. Prevalence of Electrolyte Imbalance in Patients With Acute Stroke: A Systematic Review. Cureus 2023; 15(8): e43149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.43149","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12871-024-02564-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_12_2","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Kharsa A","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kharsa A, Vashisht R, Rout P, et al. Anion Gap and Non-Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis. In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing [Internet]. Copyright \u00a9 2025. StatPearls Publishing LLC. (Accessed October 2025), 2025. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK448090\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199811000-00019"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12245-025-00828-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S293340"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2021.07.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1499677"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0336382"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-76324-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1361888"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2007.11.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_22_2","unstructured":"World Medical Association. WMA Declaration of Helsinki \u2013 Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Participants. [Internet]. https:\/\/www.wma.net\/policies-post\/wma-declaration-of-helsinki\/ 2024 [cited 2025 Oct]"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-022-01899-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(74)91639-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.101.6.1644"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-85773-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0327914"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-022-04227-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-198710000-00003"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.162.6.9904099"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42494-024-00167-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.62347\/ZXPV4184"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.090329"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.accpm.2024.101438"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2015.242313"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1227\/00006123-198812000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-025-07808-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202401-0069VP"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-025-07823-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.51.Suppl_2.S40"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1M177"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1552-4604.1981.tb05670.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2023.148611"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41440-024-01990-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/cem.2017.35"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2010.110"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17712\/nsj.2021.3.20200186"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182143317"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000010660"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.03020906"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1812757"}],"container-title":["Science Progress"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00368504261442852","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00368504261442852","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00368504261442852","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T19:47:34Z","timestamp":1782848854000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00368504261442852"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00368504261442852"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00368504261442852","relation":{},"ISSN":["0036-8504","2047-7163"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0036-8504","type":"print"},{"value":"2047-7163","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"article-number":"00368504261442852"}}