{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:35:02Z","timestamp":1792787702184,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"King Saud University","award":["ORF-2026-822"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ORF-2026-822"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02f81g417","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Science Progress"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Methotrexate (MTX) is a very effective agent used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and malignant diseases. Despite its usefulness, the long-term use of MTX is associated with multiorgan toxicities, including kidney injury. Thus, there is a necessity to explore a renoprotective agent with low side effects. Procyanidin B2 (PCB2), a natural flavonoid, possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. This study aims to investigate the potential protective efficacy of PCB2 against MTX-induced nephrotoxicity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Rats were allocated into four groups: control group, PCB2 group (40 mg\/kg, p.o), MTX-intoxicated group (20 mg\/kg, i.p.), and PCB2+MTX group. PCB2 was administered daily for ten days, while MTX was injected as a single dose on day 8. Oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers in kidney tissues were assessed using biochemical, histological, and immunohistochemical examinations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MTX markedly elevated the levels of kidney malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), while glutathione (GSH) level and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were significantly reduced. In addition, rats intoxicated with MTX exhibited positive and strong immunoreactions for nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-\u03baB), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). The administration of PCB2 significantly prevented tissue injury and restored the altered parameters.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PCB2 reduced oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, indicating potential protective effects against MTX-induced kidney damage.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/00368504261486989","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T11:01:56Z","timestamp":1788260516000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Involvement of NOD1\/NF-\u03baB\/MAPK pathway in the protective effect of procyanidin B2 against methotrexate-induced nephrotoxicity"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Ahmed A.","family":"Altuwaijri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"King Saud University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2905-8882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahlam M.","family":"Alhusaini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Saud University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wedad S.","family":"Sarawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Saud University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reema A.","family":"Alabdani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Saud University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reyouf I.","family":"Alnajashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Saud University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7311-1412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iman H.","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Saud University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanaa M.","family":"Altuwaijri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Saud University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qamraa H.","family":"Alqahtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Saud University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dalal A.","family":"Alkhelb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Saud University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sahar S.","family":"Alotaibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Saud University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadrah S.","family":"Alamri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Saud University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raeesa A.","family":"Mohammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Saud University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ebtesam N.","family":"Alsultan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Saud University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaikha M.","family":"Alsaif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Saud University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ebtesam A.","family":"Aljasas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Saud University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2021.152840"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI108308"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002800050406"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10428194.2013.840780"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1078155215594417"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.34067\/KID.0000000725"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","first-page":"e29518","article-title":"Overview of methotrexate toxicity: A comprehensive literature review","volume":"14","author":"Hamed KM","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hamed KM, Dighriri IM, Baomar AF, et al. 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