{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T13:40:20Z","timestamp":1777902020117,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,1,1]],"date-time":"2001-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":978307200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["SIMULATION"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We develop an object-oriented simulation that models the airdrop mission of a U.S. transport aircraft, the C-1 7 Globemaster III. The simulation, written in MODSIM III, is based on three basic object types: an aircraft, a wake vortex, and a paratrooper. The aircraft object provides the required aerodynamic constants for simulating the wake vortices generated off each wingtip; the vortex object includes velocity field and decay models as well as a position algorithm; and the paratrooper object implements a 6-degree-of-freedom trajectory model. Using the simulation, we generate vortex encounter information for various formations and wind conditions, and quantify the associated risk of paratrooper\/vortex encounters in a potential en counter rate. Time over the drop zone is a primary concern in any airdrop operation, and the results of this analysis form a tool that allows the ground com mander to assess the risk involved in decreasing that time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/003754970107600101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,3,29]],"date-time":"2008-03-29T13:23:43Z","timestamp":1206797023000},"page":"4-21","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Personnel Airdrop Simulation"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"76","author":[{"given":"Scott M.","family":"Fox","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Air Force Studies and Analyses Agency Washington, DC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T. Glenn","family":"Bailey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Operational Sciences Air Force Institute of Technology Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William B.","family":"Carlton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Engineering United States Military Academy West Point, New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","volume-title":"Object Oriented Design with Applications","author":"Booch, G.","year":"1991"},{"key":"atypb2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1997 Winter Simulation Conference","author":"Bailey, T.G."},{"key":"atypb3","volume-title":"11th Annual Simulation Symposium","author":"Martin, G."},{"key":"atypb4","volume-title":"Operational Test and Evaluation of the Effects of C-130\/C-141B Wake Vortices on the Drop Zone Environment","author":"Johnson, D.J.","year":"1988"},{"key":"atypb5","volume-title":"Operational Test and Evaluation of the Effects of C-5 Wake Vortices on the Drop Zone Environment","author":"Johnson, D.J.","year":"1988"},{"key":"atypb6","volume-title":"presented at the AIAA Atmospheric Flight Mechanics Conference","author":"Blake, W.B."},{"key":"atypb7","volume-title":"presented at the AIAA Atmospheric Flight Mechanics Conference","author":"Blake, W.B."},{"key":"atypb8","volume-title":"presented at the AIAA Flight Mechanics Conference","author":"Vicroy, D.D."},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2514\/3.12057"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2514\/3.47011"},{"key":"atypb11","volume-title":"presented at the 14th AIAA Applied Aerodynamic Conference","author":"Proctor, F.H."},{"key":"atypb12","volume-title":"Chicago Monostatic Acoustic Vortex Sensing System","author":"Burnham, D.C.","year":"1982"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2514\/3.45345"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022112074001418"},{"key":"atypb15","volume-title":"Wake Vortex Detection and Tracking Using a Pulsed 2 mm Coherent Doppler Lidar: 1995 Edwards Air Force Base Test Results","author":"Hannon, S.M.","year":"1996"},{"key":"atypb16","volume-title":"Proceedings of the SPIE\u2014The International Society for Optical Engineering","author":"Hannon, S.M."},{"key":"atypb17","volume-title":"LIDAR Tutorial","author":"Cross, P.","year":"1997"},{"key":"atypb18","volume-title":"MODSIM III Reference Manual","author":"CACI Products Co.","year":"1997"},{"key":"atypb19","volume-title":"Discrete-Event System Simulation","author":"Banks, J.","year":"1996","edition":"2"},{"key":"atypb20","volume-title":"Design and Testing of High-Performance Parachutes. Loughton","author":"Maydew, R.C.","year":"1991"},{"key":"atypb21","volume-title":"Presented at the Parachute Systems Technology Short Course","author":"Doherr, K.-F."},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2514\/3.46245"},{"key":"atypb23","volume-title":"Six Degrees of Freedom Flight Simulation Directed Cosine-Euler Axes Method: A Single-Body Parachute Deceleration Program","author":"Purvis, J.","year":"1987"},{"key":"atypb24","volume-title":"Vortex Model Use in C-17 Personnel Formation Airdrop Test","author":"Blake, W.B.","year":"1997"},{"key":"atypb25","volume-title":"An Object Oriented Simulation of the C-17 Wingtip Vortices in the Airdrop Environment","author":"Petry, H.J.","year":"1997"},{"key":"atypb26","volume-title":"Military Standard\u2014Flying Qualities of Piloted Aircraft","author":"Department of Defense.","year":"1990"},{"key":"atypb27","volume-title":"C-17\/Paratrooper Risk Assessment Analysis","author":"Belano, J.C.","year":"1997"},{"key":"atypb28","volume-title":"Electronic Mail. \"Paratrooper Weight Distributions","author":"Harmon, J.","year":"1998"},{"key":"atypb29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2514\/6.1997-1479"},{"key":"atypb30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/182.358460"},{"key":"atypb31","volume-title":"Simulation Modeling and Analysis","author":"Law, A.M.","year":"1991"},{"key":"atypb32","series-title":"C-17 System Program Office","volume-title":"\"Preliminary Summary Report of Parachute Vortex Interaction Testing with C-141B and C-17A Aircraft","year":"1996"},{"key":"atypb33","volume-title":"\"Flight Test Data of 16 AUG 96 Six Ship Airdrop Test","year":"1996"},{"key":"atypb34","volume-title":"Probability and Statistics for the Engineering, Computing, and Physical Sciences","author":"Dougherty, E.R.","year":"1990"},{"key":"atypb35","volume-title":"Computed Air Release Systems Procedures","author":"Air Mobility Command.","year":"1992"},{"key":"atypb36","volume-title":"C-17 Airdrop Simulation","author":"Fox, S.M.","year":"1998"},{"key":"atypb37","volume-title":"The Visual Display of Quantitative Information","author":"Tufte, E.R.","year":"1983"},{"key":"atypb38","volume-title":"C-17 Strategic Brigade Airdrop Simulation and Analysis","author":"Szvetecz, T.S.","year":"1999"},{"key":"atypb39","volume-title":"Real-Time Airdrop Visualization in a Virtual Environment.\" MS Thesis, Graduate School of Engineering, Air Force Institute of Technology (AU)","author":"Harrison, G.M.","year":"1999"}],"container-title":["SIMULATION"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/003754970107600101","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/003754970107600101","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T11:16:17Z","timestamp":1777634177000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/003754970107600101"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,1]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/003754970107600101"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/003754970107600101","relation":{},"ISSN":["0037-5497","1741-3133"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0037-5497","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-3133","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,1]]}}}