{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T13:41:15Z","timestamp":1777902075134,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,1,1]],"date-time":"2004-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1072915200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["SIMULATION"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Making greater use of smaller airports is one way that has been proposed to increase the capacity of the National Airspace System. A major difficulty is that many small airports do not have control towers, and thus capacity is severely limited during poor visibility. The authors consider a proposed system in which airplanes self-separate, so they are able to land at higher capacities without a control tower. Before such a system is implemented, it must first be shown to be safe. Safety is a difficult metric to measure and predict because accidents are so rare. Even computer simulation can be slow because of the long time to observe accidents. One methodology that has been successful in assessing aviation safety through simulation is TOPAZ (Traffic Organizer and Perturbation AnalyZer). In this study, the authors apply the methodology to assess the safety of the proposed nontowered system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0037549704042028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,21]],"date-time":"2004-04-21T20:41:37Z","timestamp":1082580097000},"page":"21-31","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Simulating Collision Probabilities of Landing Airplanes at Nontowered Airports"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"John F.","family":"Shortle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"System Engineering & Operations Research Department George Mason University Fairfax, VA 22030"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"System Engineering & Operations Research Department George Mason University Fairfax, VA 22030"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C. H.","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"System Engineering & Operations Research Department George Mason University Fairfax, VA 22030"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George L.","family":"Donohue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"System Engineering & Operations Research Department George Mason University Fairfax, VA 22030"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","unstructured":"[1] Air Transport Action Group. 2000. European traffic forecasts 1985-2015. Accessed July 22, 2002, from http:\/\/www.atag.org\/ETF\/Index.htm"},{"key":"atypb2","unstructured":"[2] Donohue, G. L., and R. Shaver. 2000. United States air transportation capacity: Limits to growth part I (modeling) and part II (policy) . Paper presented at the 79th annual meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Papers 00-582, 00-0583, Washington, DC."},{"key":"atypb3","unstructured":"[3] EUROCONTROL. 1999-2000. Performance Review Commission, Special Performance Review Report on Delays (PRR 2) and Third Performance Review Report (PRR 3), Brussels. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.eurocontrol.be\/prc\/temp\/prr4\/reference.html"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.35.1.1"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/inte.25.5.151"},{"key":"atypb6","unstructured":"[6] van Es, G. W. H. 2001. A review of civil aviation accidents, air traffic management related accidents: 1980-1999 . Paper presented at the 4th International Air Traffic Management R&D Seminar, December, Santa Fe, NM."},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[7] Blom, H., G. J. Bakker, P. J. G. Blanker, J. Daams, M. H. C. Everdij, and M. B. Klompstra. 2001. Accident risk assessment for advanced air traffic management. In Air transportation systems engineering, edited by G. Donohue and A. Zellweger, 463-480. Lexington, MA: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics .","DOI":"10.2514\/5.9781600866630.0463.0480"},{"key":"atypb8","unstructured":"[8] Holmes, B. J. 2002. Small airplanes transportation system: A vision for 21st century transportation alternatives. NASA Langley Re-search Center. Accessed July 23, 2002, from http:\/\/sats.nasa.gov\/"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/trsc.7.2.158"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/trsc.19.2.139"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.48.6.833.12394"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2514\/2.4081"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2514\/atcq.7.3.195"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2514\/atcq.10.2.85"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S037346330004056X"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[16] Hazelrigg, G. A., and A. C. Busch. 1986. Setting navigational performance standards for aircraft flying over the oceans . Transportation Research A 20A: 373-383 .","DOI":"10.1016\/0191-2607(86)90005-1"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[17] Bakker, G. J., and H. Blom. 1993. Air traffic collision risk modelling . In 32nd IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, pp. 1464-1469 .","DOI":"10.1109\/CDC.1993.325430"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[18] Blom, H., and G. J. Bakker. 2002. Conflict probability and incrossing probability in air traffic management . In IEEE Conference on Decision and Control, pp. 2421-2426 .","DOI":"10.1109\/CDC.2002.1184198"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2514\/atcq.11.2.123"},{"key":"atypb20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[20] Everdij, M. H. C., H. A. P. Blom, and M. B. Klompstra. 1997. Dynamically coloured Petri nets for air traffic management safety purposes . In 8th IFAC Symposium on Transportation Systems, Chania, Greece, pp. 184-189 .","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-6670(17)43819-5"},{"key":"atypb21","unstructured":"[21] Blom, H., J. Daams, and H. B. Nijhuis. 2001. Human cognition modelling in air traffic management safety assessment. In Air transportation systems engineering, edited by G. Donohue and A. Zellweger, 480-512. Lexington, MA: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics ."},{"key":"atypb22","unstructured":"[22] Hollnagel, E. 1993. Human reliability analysis: Context and control. New York: Academic Press ."},{"key":"atypb23","unstructured":"[23] Oksendal, B. 1992. Stochastic differential equations: An introduction with applications. 3d ed. New York: Springer-Verlag ."}],"container-title":["SIMULATION"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0037549704042028","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0037549704042028","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T11:18:25Z","timestamp":1777634305000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0037549704042028"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,1]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0037549704042028"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0037549704042028","relation":{},"ISSN":["0037-5497","1741-3133"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0037-5497","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-3133","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,1]]}}}