{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T13:41:13Z","timestamp":1777902073605,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,1,1]],"date-time":"2004-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1072915200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["SIMULATION"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This article describes how features of event tree analysis and Monte Carlo\u2013based discrete event simulation can be combined with concepts from object-oriented analysis to develop a new risk assessment methodology, with some of the best features of each. The resultant object-based event scenario tree (OBEST) methodology enables an analyst to rapidly construct realistic models for scenarios for which an a priori discovery of event ordering is either cumbersome or impossible. Each scenario produced by OBEST is automatically associated with a likelihood estimate because probabilistic branching is integral to the object model definition. The OBEST methodology is then applied to an aviation safety problem that considers mechanisms by which an aircraft might become involved in a runway incursion incident. The resulting OBEST model demonstrates how a close link between human reliability analysis and probabilistic risk assessment methods can provide important insights into aviation safety phenomenology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0037549704042033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,21]],"date-time":"2004-04-21T20:41:37Z","timestamp":1082580097000},"page":"33-43","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["An Object-Oriented Approach to Risk and Reliability Analysis: Methodology and                Aviation Safety Applications"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Gregory D.","family":"Wyss","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vulnerability and Risk Analysis Department Sandia National Laboratories                        P.O. Box 5800, MS 0748 Albuquerque, NM 87185-0748"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Felicia A.","family":"Dur\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vulnerability and Risk Analysis Department Sandia National Laboratories                        P.O. Box 5800, MS 0748 Albuquerque, NM 87185-0748"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vincent J.","family":"Dandini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vulnerability and Risk Analysis Department Sandia National Laboratories                        P.O. Box 5800, MS 0748 Albuquerque, NM 87185-0748"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","unstructured":"[1] Shlaer, S., and S. J. Mellor. 1992. Object lifecycles: Modeling the world in states. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall ."},{"key":"atypb2","unstructured":"[2] Wyss, G. D., R. L. Craft, and D. L. Funkhouser. 1999. The use of object-oriented analysis methods in surety analysis. SAND99-1242, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM ."},{"key":"atypb3","unstructured":"[3] Booch, G., I. Jacobsen, and J. Rumbaugh. 1998. The Unified Modeling Language user guide. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley ."},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[4] Wyss, G. D., and F. A. Dur\u00e1n. 2001. OBEST: The object-based event scenario tree methodology. SAND2001-0828, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM .","DOI":"10.2172\/780308"},{"key":"atypb5","unstructured":"[5] Wyss, G. D., and F. A. Dur\u00e1n. 2002. Object-based approaches to risk and reliability analysis: OBEST methodology and applications , in Bonano, E. J.Camp, A. L., Majors, M. J., and Thompson, R. A., eds., Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management (PSAM 6): Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management, 23-28 June 2002, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA, Elsevier Science, Oxford, UK."},{"key":"atypb6","unstructured":"[6] Firebaugh, M. W. 1988. Artificial intelligence: A knowledge- based approach. Boston: Boyd and Fraser ."},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[7] Griesmeyer, J. M., and L. N. Smith. 1989. A reference manual for the event progression analysis code (EVNTRE). SAND88-1607, NUREG\/CR-5174. Prepared by Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, for the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, DC .","DOI":"10.2172\/5687655"},{"key":"atypb8","unstructured":"[8] Wyss, G. D. 2000. Training materials for the SETAC event tree analysis software. Memo to Susan Dingman, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM , September 5."},{"key":"atypb9","unstructured":"[9] Wyss, G. D., F. A. Dur\u00e1n, and V. J. Dandini. 2002. Application of the OBEST methodology to a runway incursion problem , in Bonano, E. J.Camp, A. L., Majors, M. J., and Thompson, R. A., eds., Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management (PSAM 6): Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management, 23-28 June 2002, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA, Elsevier Science, Oxford, UK."},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[10] Corker, K. M., and B. R. Smith. 1993. An architecture and model for cognitive engineering simulation analysis: Application to advanced aviation automation . In 9th Conference on Computing in Aerospace: Technical Papers. San Diego, CA: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.","DOI":"10.2514\/6.1993-4660"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[11] Corker, K. M., and G. M. Pisanich. 1995. Analysis and modeling of flight crew performance in automated air traffic management . In Analysis, Design and Evaluation of Man-Machine Systems 1995: Proceedings of the 6th IFAC\/IFIP\/IFORS\/IEA Symposium, June, Cambridge, MA.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-6670(17)45289-X"},{"key":"atypb12","unstructured":"[12] U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. 2000. Technical basis and implementation guidelines for a technique for human event analysis (ATHEANA). NUREG-1624, Rev. 1, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, DC ."},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"[13] Miller, D., and J. Forester. 2000. Aviation safety human reliability analysis method (ASHRAM). SAND2000-2955, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM .","DOI":"10.2172\/773843"}],"container-title":["SIMULATION"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0037549704042033","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0037549704042033","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T11:18:26Z","timestamp":1777634306000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0037549704042033"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,1]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0037549704042033"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0037549704042033","relation":{},"ISSN":["0037-5497","1741-3133"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0037-5497","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-3133","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,1]]}}}