{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T13:41:21Z","timestamp":1777902081699,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,1]],"date-time":"2004-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1096588800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["SIMULATION"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This article introduces fractional lambda (\u03bb) switching (F\u03bbS) and studies its blocking issues. F\u03bbS uses a global common time reference (CTR) for implementing pipeline forwarding (PF) inside the network. A global CTR is conveniently realized with the UTC (coordinated universal time) standard. Resource reservation over an F\u03bbS network requires a schedule. As in other scheduling cases, a call may not be accepted, even though there is enough capacity, because the schedule is not available\u2014the call is then considered blocked. This work studies the probability of call blocking as a function of link utilization. The results show that (especially if multiple-wavelength division multiplexing channels are deployed on optical links between fractional \u03bb switches) high-link utilization can be achieved with negligible call blocking, even when the switching fabric is a Banyan network.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0037549704046461","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,25]],"date-time":"2005-01-25T12:13:31Z","timestamp":1106655211000},"page":"527-544","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Fractional Lambda Switching Principles of Operation and Performance Issues"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Mario","family":"Baldi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Engineering Department, Turin Polytechnic, Corso Duca degli                         Abruzzi, 24, 10129 Torino, Italy,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoram","family":"Ofek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartmento di Informatica e Telecominicazioni, Universita di Trento Via                         Sommarive, 14, Povo, 38050, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/90.865076"},{"issue":"5","key":"atypb2","first-page":"100","volume":"4","author":"Baldi, M.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Optical Networks Magazine"},{"key":"atypb3","first-page":"428","volume-title":"IEEE INFOCOM\u201994","author":"Li, C.-S."},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-7552(98)00258-X"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/90.836476"},{"key":"atypb6","volume-title":"7th International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems","author":"Ofek, Y."},{"key":"atypb7","unstructured":"Ofek, Y. 1987. The topology, algorithms and analysis of a synchronous optical                 hypergraph architecture. Rep. No. UIUCDCS-R-87-1343. Ph.D. diss., Electrical                 Engineering Department, University of Illinois at Urbana."},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/50.219584"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/49.510903"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/49.725193"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/49.887908"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/12.324563"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/49.974674"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/49.887929"},{"key":"atypb15","volume-title":"IEEE INFOCOM 2002","author":"Wen, Bo"},{"key":"atypb16","volume-title":"IEEE Transactions on Communications","author":"Ofek, Y.","year":"1994"},{"key":"atypb17","first-page":"21","volume-title":"1st Annual Symposium on Computer Architecture","author":"Goke, L. R."}],"container-title":["SIMULATION"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0037549704046461","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0037549704046461","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T11:18:43Z","timestamp":1777634323000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0037549704046461"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,10]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0037549704046461"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0037549704046461","relation":{},"ISSN":["0037-5497","1741-3133"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0037-5497","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-3133","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,10]]}}}