{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T13:41:22Z","timestamp":1777902082171,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,1]],"date-time":"2005-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1112313600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["SIMULATION"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Computer simulation has been used extensively as an effective tool in the design and evaluation of systems. One should not, however, underestimate the importance of validation\u2014the process of ensuring whether a simulation model is an appropriate representation of the real-world system. Validation of wireless network simulations is difficult due to strong interdependencies among protocols at different layers and uncertainty in the wireless environment. The authors present an approach of coupling direct-execution simulation and traces from real outdoor experiments to validating simple wireless models that are used commonly in simulations of wireless ad hoc networks. This article documents a common testbed that supports direct execution of a set of ad hoc routing protocol implementations in a wireless network simulator. By comparing routing behavior measured in the real experiment with behavior computed by the simulation, the authors validate the models of radio behavior upon which protocol behavior depends.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0037549705055017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,20]],"date-time":"2005-06-20T09:07:52Z","timestamp":1119258472000},"page":"307-323","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Empirical Validation of Wireless Models in Simulations of Ad Hoc Routing Protocols"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Jason","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematical and Computer Sciences, Colorado School of                         Mines, Golden, CO 80401,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yougu","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coordinated Science Laboratory, University of Illinois at                         Urbana-Champaign, 1308 West Main Street, Urbana, IL 61801"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David M.","family":"Nicol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coordinated Science Laboratory, University of Illinois at                         Urbana-Champaign, 1308 West Main Street, Urbana, IL 61801"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert S.","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Dartmouth College, 6211 Sudikoff                         Laboratory, Hanover, NH 03755"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Calvin C.","family":"Newport","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Dartmouth College, 6211 Sudikoff                         Laboratory, Hanover, NH 03755"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Kotz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Dartmouth College, 6211 Sudikoff                         Laboratory, Hanover, NH 03755"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luiz Felipe","family":"Perrone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA 17837"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","volume-title":"Simulation modeling and analysis","author":"Law, A. M.","year":"2000","edition":"3"},{"key":"atypb2","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Proceedings of the SCS Multiconference on Distributed Simulation","author":"Heidemann, J."},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1016682323833"},{"key":"atypb4","first-page":"87","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2nd ACM International Symposium on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking & Computing (MobiHoc\u201901)","author":"Takai, M."},{"key":"atypb5","first-page":"78","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 7th ACM\/IEEE International Symposium on Modeling, Analysis and Simulation of Wireless and Mobile Systems (MSWiM\u201904)","author":"Kotz, D."},{"key":"atypb6","volume-title":"GloMoSim: A scalable network simulation environment","author":"Bajaj, L.","year":"1999"},{"key":"atypb7","volume-title":"Dynamic neighbor discovery and loopfree, multi-hop routing for wireless, mobile networks","author":"Karp, B.","year":"1998"},{"key":"atypb8","first-page":"90","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications","author":"Perkins, C. E."},{"key":"atypb9","first-page":"243","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Sixth Annual ACM\/IEEE International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (Mobi-Com\u201900)","author":"Karp, B."},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020756600187"},{"key":"atypb11","first-page":"2375","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 36th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control","author":"Gupta, P."},{"key":"atypb12","first-page":"220","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 7th ACM\/IEEE International Symposium on Modeling, Analysis and Simulation of Wireless and Mobile Systems (MSWiM\u201904)","author":"Gray, R. S."},{"key":"atypb13","first-page":"79","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 16th Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Simulation (PADS\u201902)","author":"Liu, J."},{"key":"atypb14","volume-title":"Wireless communications: Principles and practice","author":"Rappaport, T. S.","year":"1996"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA440138"},{"key":"atypb16","unstructured":"Gupta, P. 2000. Design and performance analysis of wireless networks. Ph.D.                 diss., University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign."},{"key":"atypb17","volume-title":"Proceedings of the European Simulation Interoperability Workshop (Euro-SIW\u201901)","author":"Liu, J."},{"key":"atypb18","first-page":"74","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 5th ACM International Workshop on Modeling Analysis and Simulation of Wireless and Mobile Systems (MSWiM\u201902)","author":"Neufeld, M."},{"key":"atypb19","first-page":"64","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 11th IEEE\/ACM International Symposium on Modeling, Analysis and Simulation of Computer Telecommunications Systems (MASCOTS\u201903)","author":"Dimitropoulos, X. A."},{"key":"atypb20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/200883.200890"},{"key":"atypb21","first-page":"48","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1993 ACM SIGMETRICS Conference","author":"Reinhardt, S. K."},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/71.539740"},{"key":"atypb23","first-page":"119","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 19th Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Simulation (PADS \u201905)","author":"Liljenstam, M."},{"key":"atypb24","first-page":"1107","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1999 IEEE INFOCOMM Conference","author":"Huang, X. W."},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-3664(02)00141-X"},{"key":"atypb26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2000\/481921"},{"key":"atypb27","unstructured":"Mukherjee, J. 2002. A compiler directed framework for parallel compositional                 systems. Master\u2019s thesis, Department of Computer Science, Virginia                 Polytechnic Institute and State University."},{"key":"atypb28","volume-title":"DARPA\/NIST Network Simulation Validation Workshop","author":"Johnson, D. B."},{"key":"atypb29","first-page":"51","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1997 ACM SIGCOMM Conference","author":"Noble, B. D."},{"key":"atypb30","first-page":"7","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 18th Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Simulation (PADS\u201904)","author":"Liu, J."}],"container-title":["SIMULATION"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0037549705055017","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0037549705055017","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T11:19:14Z","timestamp":1777634354000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0037549705055017"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,4]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0037549705055017"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0037549705055017","relation":{},"ISSN":["0037-5497","1741-3133"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0037-5497","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-3133","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,4]]}}}