{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T13:42:05Z","timestamp":1777902125797,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,1]],"date-time":"2007-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1180656000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["SIMULATION"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Discrete Event System Specification (DEVS) is a sound formalism to describe generic dynamic systems in a hierarchical and modular way. Cell-DEVS is a DEVS-based formalism intended to model compleX physical systems as cell spaces. This work presents new techniques for eXecuting DEVS and Cell-DEVS models in parallel and distributed environments based on the WARPED kernel, an implementation of the Time Warp protocol. The optimistic simulator PCD++, built as a new simulation engine for CD++, is a toolkit that implements the DEVS and Cell-DEVS formalisms. We redesign algorithms in CD++ to carry out optimistic simulations using a non-hierarchical approach that reduces the communication overhead. The message-passing organization is analyzed using a high-level abstraction referred to as wall clock time slice. We propose a two-level user-controlled state-saving mechanism to achieve efficient and fleXible state saving at runtime. Various optimization strategies are applied to PCD++ and their effects are analyzed quantitatively, including a risk-free message type-based state-saving strategy to reduce the number of states saved during the simulation significantly, and a one log file per node strategy to break the bottleneck caused by file I\/O operations. It is shown that PCD++ markedly outperforms other alternatives and considerable speedups can be achieved in parallel and distributed simulations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0037549707085084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,6]],"date-time":"2007-11-06T08:47:50Z","timestamp":1194338870000},"page":"449-471","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Parallel Environment for DEVS and Cell-DEVS Models"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"83","author":[{"family":"Qi Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Carleton University Centre for Advanced Visualization and Simulation (V-Sim) Department of Systems and Computer Engineering 3216 V-Sim Building 1125 Colonel By Drive Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada {liuqi, gwainer}@sce.carleton.ca"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Wainer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carleton University Centre for Advanced Visualization and Simulation (V-Sim) Department of Systems and Computer Engineering 3216 V-Sim Building 1125 Colonel By Drive Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada {liuqi, gwainer}@sce.carleton.ca"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","volume-title":"Theory of modeling and simulation: Integrating discrete event and continuous complex dynamic systems","author":"Zeigler, B.","year":"2000"},{"key":"atypb2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Winter Computer Simulation Conference","author":"Chow, A.C."},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014536803451"},{"key":"atypb4","unstructured":"Wolfram, S. 1986. Theory and applications of cellular automata. Advances series on complex systems, 1. World Scientific: Singapore."},{"key":"atypb5","volume-title":"Parallel and distributed simulation systems","author":"Fujimoto, R.M.","year":"2000"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3916.3988"},{"key":"atypb7","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Symposium on Computing in Object-Oriented Parallel Environments, Lecture Notes","author":"Radhakrishnan, R."},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/spe.482"},{"key":"atypb9","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 36th IEEE\/SCS Annual Simulation Symposium","author":"Troccoli, A."},{"key":"atypb10","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 39th Annual Simulation Symposium","author":"Glinsky, E."},{"key":"atypb11","unstructured":"Wainer, G. 2000. Improved cellular models with parallel Cell-DEVS. Transactions of the Society for Computer Simulation International 17(2): 73\u201488."},{"key":"atypb12","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1999 Winter Simulation Conference","author":"Zeigler, B."},{"key":"atypb13","volume-title":"Simulation Interoperability Workshop","author":"Zeigler, B."},{"key":"atypb14","volume-title":"International Conference on Computational Science and Its Applications, Assisi, Italy","author":"Kim, K."},{"key":"atypb15","volume-title":"Advanced Simulation Technologies Conference \u2014 High-Performance Computing Symposium","author":"Seo, C."},{"key":"atypb16","volume-title":"Advanced Simulation Technologies Conference \u2014 Design, Analysis, and Simulation of Distributed Systems Symposium","author":"Cheon, S."},{"key":"atypb17","volume-title":"Spring Simulation Multiconference \u2014 DEVS Integrative M&S Symposium","author":"Zhang, M."},{"key":"atypb18","volume-title":"Advanced Simulation Technologies Conference \u2014 Military, Government, and Aerospace Simulation Symposium","author":"Nutaro, J."},{"key":"atypb19","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 34th IEEE\/SCS Annual Simulation Symposium","author":"Ameghino, J."},{"key":"atypb20","volume-title":"A mathematical model for predicting fire spread in wild-land fuels. USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Research Paper INT-115","author":"Rothermel, R.","year":"1972"},{"key":"atypb21","unstructured":"Zeigler, B. and Y. Moon. 1996. DEVS representation and aggregation of spatially distributed systems: speed-versus-error trade-offs. Transactions of the Society for Computer Simulation International 13(4): 179\u2014189."}],"container-title":["SIMULATION"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0037549707085084","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0037549707085084","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T11:20:33Z","timestamp":1777634433000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0037549707085084"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,6]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0037549707085084"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0037549707085084","relation":{},"ISSN":["0037-5497","1741-3133"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0037-5497","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-3133","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,6]]}}}