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However, using existing DS environments remains the main obstacle to the wide adoption of DS systems, because of their inherent complexity. This complexity can be quantitatively shown by the extra effort that the development of DS systems requires compared to the development of conventional local simulation (LS) systems. In this paper we introduce SimArch, a layered architecture that eases the development of DS systems by enabling simulation developers to effortlessly obtain a DS system or derive a DS system from the equivalent LS one. A reference model is used throughout the paper to illustrate the use of SimArch in the development of DS systems and to prove how the DS development effort is lowered down with respect to the use of a conventional DS environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0037549711400777","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,30]],"date-time":"2011-06-30T21:04:25Z","timestamp":1309467865000},"page":"819-836","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["A software architecture to ease the development of distributed simulation systems"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"Daniele","family":"Gianni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"System Modelling and Functional Verification Section, European Space Agency, The Netherlands,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"D'Ambrogio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Enterprise Engineering, University of Rome TorVergata, Italy,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Iazeolla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Enterprise Engineering, University of Rome TorVergata, Italy,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","volume-title":"Parallel and distributed simulation systems","author":"Fujimoto R.","year":"2000"},{"key":"atypb2","volume-title":"Standard for modeling and simulation (M&S) high level architecture (HLA) - frameworks and rules. 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