{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T04:29:51Z","timestamp":1779337791376,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,10]],"date-time":"2011-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1304985600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["SIMULATION"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The efficient and accurate management of time in simulations of hybrid models is an outstanding engineering problem. General a priori knowledge about the dynamic behavior of the hybrid system (i.e. essentially continuous, essentially discrete, or \u2018truly hybrid\u2019) facilitates this task. Indeed, for essentially discrete and essentially continuous systems, existing software packages can be conveniently used to perform quite sophisticated and satisfactory simulations. The situation is different for \u2018truly hybrid\u2019 systems, for which direct application of existing software packages results in a lengthy design process, cumbersome software assemblies, inaccurate results, or some combination of these independent of the designer\u2019s a priori knowledge about the system\u2019s structure and behavior. The main goal of this paper is to provide a methodology whereby simulation designers can use a priori knowledge about the hybrid model\u2019s structure to build a straightforward, efficient, and accurate simulator with existing software packages. The proposed methodology is based on a formal decomposition and re-articulation of the hybrid system; this is the main theoretical result of the paper. To set the result in the right perspective, we briefly review the essentially continuous and essentially discrete approaches, which are illustrated with typical examples. Then we present our new, split system approach, first in a general formal context, then in three more specific guises that reflect the viewpoints of three main communities of hybrid system researchers and practitioners. For each of these variants we indicate an implementation path. Our approach is illustrated with an archetypal problem of power grid control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0037549711401000","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,10]],"date-time":"2011-05-10T20:50:33Z","timestamp":1305060633000},"page":"281-298","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["The split system approach to managing time in simulations of hybrid systems having continuous and discrete event components"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"James","family":"Nutaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Phani Teja","family":"Kuruganti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vladimir","family":"Protopopescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mallikarjun","family":"Shankar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0037549711401000","volume-title":"Simulation Model Design and Execution: Building Digital Worlds","author":"Fishwick PA","year":"1995"},{"key":"bibr2-0037549711401000","volume-title":"Theory of Modeling and Simulation","author":"Zeigler BP","year":"2000","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr3-0037549711401000","volume-title":"Model-Based Systems Engineering: An Introduction to the Mathematical Theory of Discrete Systems and to the Tricotyledon Theory of System Design","author":"Wymore AW","year":"1993"},{"key":"bibr4-0037549711401000","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0037549702078001198"},{"key":"bibr5-0037549711401000","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0890-5401(03)00067-1"},{"key":"bibr6-0037549711401000","volume-title":"Qualitative Theory of Hybrid Dynamical Systems","author":"Matveev AS","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr7-0037549711401000","first-page":"120","volume":"17","author":"Giambiasi N","year":"2000","journal-title":"Transactions of the Society for Computer Simulation International"},{"key":"bibr8-0037549711401000","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPWRS.2006.873129"},{"key":"bibr9-0037549711401000","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420067859-c6"},{"key":"bibr10-0037549711401000","unstructured":"Beltrame T. 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