{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T13:43:31Z","timestamp":1777902211492,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,6]],"date-time":"2011-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1309910400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["SIMULATION"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The goal of this paper is to propose a novel modeling framework to help project managers devise optimal workforce assignments that consider both short- and long-term aspects of projects that must be completed through a multi-organizational social network. The proposed framework is comprised of an evaluation module and an assignment module. Each time a workforce assignment is performed, the Decision Evolution Procedure of the evaluation module first calculates the position value between each pair of currently available workforce members based on various social networking parameters such as trustworthiness, influence, reputation, and proximity. Second, by using these position values, the Extended Regular Equivalence Evaluation algorithm from the evaluation module computes the regular and structural equivalence values between each pair of workforce members. Finally, the assignment module selects an optimal workforce mix that maximizes both the short-term performance (productivity) as well as the long-term performance (workforce training, and robustness) of the project organizations. Agent-based simulation and multi-objective optimization techniques are leveraged for the evaluation module and the assignment module, respectively. The proposed framework is illustrated and successfully demonstrated using the software enhancement request process in Kuali, a multi-organizational alliance-based software development project involving 12 universities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0037549711405249","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,6]],"date-time":"2011-07-06T23:18:35Z","timestamp":1309994315000},"page":"72-96","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Simulation-based workforce assignment considering position in a social network"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Nurcin","family":"Celik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Industrial Engineering, The University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Xi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Systems and Industrial Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Systems and Industrial Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Young-Jun","family":"Son","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Systems and Industrial Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Lemaire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eller College of Management, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keith","family":"Provan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eller College of Management, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0037549711405249","volume-title":"In Defense of Globalization","author":"Bhagwati J","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr2-0037549711405249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3250930"},{"key":"bibr3-0037549711405249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.ejis.3000520"},{"key":"bibr4-0037549711405249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsis.2007.01.001"},{"key":"bibr5-0037549711405249","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Global Software Engineering","author":"Nguyen T"},{"key":"bibr6-0037549711405249","first-page":"18","author":"Herbsleb JD","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Software"},{"key":"bibr7-0037549711405249","unstructured":"Vidic NC. Developing Methods to Solve the Workforce Assignment Problem Considering Worker Heterogeneity and Learning and Forgetting, PhD Dissertation, University of Pittsburgh, 2008."},{"key":"bibr8-0037549711405249","volume-title":"Worker Efficiency and Responsiveness in Cross-trained Teams","author":"Nembhard DA","year":"2002"},{"key":"bibr9-0037549711405249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07408170490487759"},{"key":"bibr10-0037549711405249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2003.04.001"},{"key":"bibr11-0037549711405249","first-page":"426","author":"Askin RG","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proceedings of Industrial Engineering Research Conference"},{"key":"bibr12-0037549711405249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.simpat.2011.07.004"},{"key":"bibr13-0037549711405249","unstructured":"Haas CT, Morton DP, Tucker RL, Gomar JE, Terrien RK. Assignment and Allocation Optimization of a Partially Multiskilled Workforce. Report, Center for Construction Industry Studies at The University of Texas at Austin. 2000."},{"key":"bibr14-0037549711405249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:ANOR.0000019096.58882.54"},{"key":"bibr15-0037549711405249","first-page":"143","volume":"28","author":"Bhadury J","year":"2000","journal-title":"International Journal of Management Science"},{"key":"bibr16-0037549711405249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ipm.2004.06.013"},{"key":"bibr17-0037549711405249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9364(2002)128:2(103)"},{"key":"bibr18-0037549711405249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/job.4030130208"},{"key":"bibr19-0037549711405249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2007.06.038"},{"key":"bibr20-0037549711405249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470696712.ch14"},{"key":"bibr21-0037549711405249","author":"Janhonen M","year":"2010","journal-title":"International Journal of Information Management"},{"key":"bibr22-0037549711405249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0022250X.1971.9989788"},{"key":"bibr23-0037549711405249","volume-title":"Introduction to Social Network Methods","author":"Hanneman RA","year":"2005"},{"key":"bibr24-0037549711405249","unstructured":"Borgatti SP. Presentation slides on equivalence, 2006. http:\/\/www.analytictech.com\/mb874\/Slides\/equivalence.pdf."},{"key":"bibr25-0037549711405249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1140\/epjb\/e2007-00340-y"},{"key":"bibr26-0037549711405249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8733(83)90025-4"},{"key":"bibr27-0037549711405249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/226141"},{"key":"bibr28-0037549711405249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8733(93)90012-A"},{"key":"bibr29-0037549711405249","unstructured":"Abercrombie N, Hill S, Turner BS. \u2018Social structure\u2019 in the penguin dictionary of sociology, 4th edition. London: Penguin, 2000, pp. 326\u2013327."},{"key":"bibr30-0037549711405249","volume-title":"Social structure","author":"Lopez J","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr31-0037549711405249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jtbi.2003.3147"},{"key":"bibr32-0037549711405249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8733(93)90009-A"},{"key":"bibr33-0037549711405249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2393431"},{"key":"bibr34-0037549711405249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674029095"},{"key":"bibr35-0037549711405249","volume-title":"Social network analysis: Methods and applications","author":"Stanley W","year":"1994"},{"key":"bibr36-0037549711405249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8733(78)90014-X"},{"key":"bibr37-0037549711405249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8733(92)90014-X"},{"key":"bibr38-0037549711405249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-8733(89)90018-X"},{"key":"bibr39-0037549711405249","unstructured":"Provan KG, Lemaire RH. A matter of intensity: Structural embeddedness in a virtual multi-organizational task network. Working Paper, University of Arizona, 2010."},{"key":"bibr40-0037549711405249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/228667"},{"key":"bibr41-0037549711405249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/20159624"},{"key":"bibr42-0037549711405249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0969776408098930"},{"key":"bibr43-0037549711405249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/096977649900600103"},{"key":"bibr44-0037549711405249","first-page":"47","author":"Rallet A","year":"2005","journal-title":"Regional Studies"},{"key":"bibr45-0037549711405249","unstructured":"Wikipedia. http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Service_(economics). 2010."},{"key":"bibr46-0037549711405249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.100.3.432"},{"key":"bibr47-0037549711405249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1504\/IJSPM.2009.025828"},{"key":"bibr48-0037549711405249","unstructured":"White DR. REGE: A regular graph equivalence algorithm for computing role distances prior to blockmodeling. Unpublished manuscript, University of California, Irvine, CA, 1984."},{"key":"bibr49-0037549711405249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1147\/rd.513.0263"},{"key":"bibr50-0037549711405249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jom.2005.05.005"},{"key":"bibr51-0037549711405249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dss.2009.06.003"},{"key":"bibr52-0037549711405249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/0034654308325691"},{"key":"bibr53-0037549711405249","unstructured":"Cook R. The nine common characteristics of innovative organizations, 2008. Available at http:\/\/www.aspirenow.com\/leader_0802_common_characteristics_of_innovative_organizations.html."},{"key":"bibr54-0037549711405249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/00251740510572533"},{"key":"bibr55-0037549711405249","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 18th International Florida Artificial Intelligence Research Society Conference (FLAIRS 2005)","author":"Gaston M"},{"key":"bibr56-0037549711405249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.36.4.343"},{"key":"bibr57-0037549711405249","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-2681(98)00096-1"},{"key":"bibr58-0037549711405249","volume-title":"Why the Allies Won","author":"Overy R","year":"1995"},{"key":"bibr59-0037549711405249","volume-title":"Social network analysis: A handbook. 2","author":"Scott JP","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr60-0037549711405249","volume-title":"Knapsack problems: Algorithms and computer implementations","author":"Martello S","year":"1990"}],"container-title":["SIMULATION"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0037549711405249","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0037549711405249","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T11:23:09Z","timestamp":1777634589000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0037549711405249"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,6]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0037549711405249"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0037549711405249","relation":{},"ISSN":["0037-5497","1741-3133"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0037-5497","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-3133","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,6]]}}}