{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T13:43:47Z","timestamp":1777902227290,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,17]],"date-time":"2011-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1318809600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["SIMULATION"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) visual displays for discrete-event simulation (DES) has become very popular within the simulation community in recent years. This paper presents results from surveys of users of 3D and 2D simulation applications regarding their views of the impact, benefits and drawbacks of 3D displays. The results indicate that 3D displays can often be more effective than 2D displays in communication, verification and validation, and experimentation. This can lead to a better project outcome with an improved understanding of the real system and a better solution for the decision maker. The main drawback is the additional cost, time and complexity of building the model. Potential implications for modeling in general are the importance of being able to relate the model to the real system and of involving the decision maker in the modeling process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0037549711423734","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,17]],"date-time":"2011-10-17T23:33:31Z","timestamp":1318894411000},"page":"464-480","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Users\u2019 perceptions of the relative costs and benefits of 2D and 3D visual displays in discrete-event simulation"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Ikpe Justice","family":"Akpan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Systems and Decision Sciences, Fairleigh Dickinson University, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roger J","family":"Brooks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Management Science, Lancaster University Management School, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0037549711423734","first-page":"31","volume-title":"Strategic Advantage of Computing Information Systems in Enterprise Management","author":"Akpan IJ","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr2-0037549711423734","first-page":"619","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 1997 Winter Simulation Conference","author":"Barnes M"},{"key":"bibr3-0037549711423734","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WSC.2000.899156"},{"key":"bibr4-0037549711423734","volume-title":"Stereo Computer Graphics and Other True 3D Technologies","author":"McAllister DF","year":"1993"},{"key":"bibr5-0037549711423734","first-page":"21","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 4th IEEE International Workshop on Robot and Human Communication (RO-MAN\u201995)","author":"Milgram P"},{"key":"bibr6-0037549711423734","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/505008.505042"},{"key":"bibr7-0037549711423734","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/003754978704900304"},{"key":"bibr8-0037549711423734","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/inte.19.5.71"},{"key":"bibr9-0037549711423734","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0305-0483(98)00035-8"},{"key":"bibr10-0037549711423734","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WSC.2000.899087"},{"key":"bibr11-0037549711423734","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WSC.2008.4736367"},{"key":"bibr12-0037549711423734","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0887-3801(2005)19:4(356)"},{"key":"bibr13-0037549711423734","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02329290290028507"},{"key":"bibr14-0037549711423734","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WSC.2000.899189"},{"key":"bibr15-0037549711423734","first-page":"513","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2002 Winter Simulation Conference","author":"Waller AP"},{"key":"bibr16-0037549711423734","first-page":"499","volume-title":"Proceedings of the European Simulation and Modelling Conference (ESM 2007)","author":"Fischer M"},{"key":"bibr17-0037549711423734","first-page":"2012","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2008 Winter Simulation Conference","author":"Dangelmaier W"},{"key":"bibr18-0037549711423734","first-page":"1968","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2005 Winter Simulation Conference","author":"Akpan JI"},{"key":"bibr19-0037549711423734","first-page":"1976","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2005 Winter Simulation Conference","author":"Akpan JI"}],"container-title":["SIMULATION"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0037549711423734","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0037549711423734","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T11:23:27Z","timestamp":1777634607000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0037549711423734"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,17]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0037549711423734"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0037549711423734","relation":{},"ISSN":["0037-5497","1741-3133"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0037-5497","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-3133","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,17]]}}}