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However, due to emergent qualities of ABMs, bulk behaviors may be sensitive to the size of the model as determined by the population of individuals. Therefore, in certain circumstances it may be critical to closely match the simulation size with the actual system. This may be particularly true in biological systems, where multiple large-scale heterogeneous populations can range into millions or even billions of individual cells\/agents. Most existing ABM simulation toolkits are designed for serial computing and canno*t effectively simulate such mega-scale systems from a run-time standpoint. In this paper, we investigate data-parallel ABM implementations on graphics processing units to address the scalability issue of ABMs. As an example, we have implemented an abstracted version of the Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome ABM. We also implemented a serial version to confirm statistical accuracy. Our results show that parallelization on graphics processing units offers a substantial gain in performance without a loss in accuracy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0037549711425180","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,17]],"date-time":"2011-11-17T23:15:20Z","timestamp":1321571720000},"page":"895-907","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Data-parallel techniques for simulating a mega-scale agent-based model of systemic inflammatory response syndrome on graphics processing units"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Samuel","family":"Alberts","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, Milwaukee, WI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael K","family":"Keenan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, Milwaukee, WI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roshan M","family":"D\u2019Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Science, Milwaukee, WI, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gary","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0037549711425180","volume-title":"Handbook of Computational Economics, Vol. 2: Agent-Based Computational Economics, Handbooks in Economics Series","author":"Axelrod R","year":"2005"},{"key":"bibr2-0037549711425180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.009454"},{"key":"bibr3-0037549711425180","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2006 Agent-Directed Simulation Symposium","author":"Christley S"},{"key":"bibr4-0037549711425180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.072079499"},{"key":"bibr5-0037549711425180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0037549706073695"},{"key":"bibr6-0037549711425180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10928-006-9031-3"},{"key":"bibr7-0037549711425180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0034-4885\/68\/12\/R01"},{"key":"bibr8-0037549711425180","first-page":"1068","volume":"15","author":"Massaioli Federico","year":"2005","journal-title":"OpenMP"},{"key":"bibr9-0037549711425180","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2003 European Simulation Interoperability Workshop","author":"Logan B"},{"key":"bibr10-0037549711425180","first-page":"63","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Second International Conference in Pedestrian Evacuation Dynamics","author":"Quinn Michael J."},{"key":"bibr11-0037549711425180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpdc.2005.09.004"},{"key":"bibr12-0037549711425180","volume-title":"NVIDIA CUDA Programming Guide 3.0","author":"NVIDIA","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr13-0037549711425180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00024382-200116040-00006"},{"key":"bibr14-0037549711425180","unstructured":"An G. 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