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However, commonly used wireless channel models do not correctly capture the characteristics of a real channel mainly because these models ignore either the frame-loss process or the bit-error process. In this paper, we propose a novel two-tier Markov model in which a frame-level model is executed first and the bit-level model is excited only when the frame-level model produces an error. We compare the accuracy of the proposed model with several existing models using four independently collected sets of wireless (802.11 and 802.15.4) residual bit-error traces. We validate the accuracy of the proposed model using the bit-error rate, frame-error rate, cumulative distributions of error and error-free bursts, and information divergence measures. We show that the proposed two-tier Markov model generally provides better accuracy than other models.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0037549712439236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,29]],"date-time":"2012-02-29T23:16:31Z","timestamp":1330557391000},"page":"1011-1019","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Accurate residual wireless channel simulation using a two-tier Markov model"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Adnan","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (SEECS), National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Syed Ali","family":"Khayam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (SEECS), National University of Science and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0037549712439236","volume-title":"Vehicular Technology Conference","author":"Boggia G"},{"key":"bibr2-0037549712439236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/256562.256764"},{"key":"bibr3-0037549712439236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-5316(03)00104-4"},{"key":"bibr4-0037549712439236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1851182.1851203"},{"key":"bibr5-0037549712439236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2009.080720"},{"key":"bibr6-0037549712439236","author":"Arauz J","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE VTC"},{"key":"bibr7-0037549712439236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peva.2006.06.001"},{"key":"bibr8-0037549712439236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2004.827729"},{"key":"bibr9-0037549712439236","first-page":"189","volume":"9","author":"Konrad A","year":"2003","journal-title":"ACM WINET"},{"key":"bibr10-0037549712439236","author":"Khayam SA","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE INFOCOM"},{"key":"bibr11-0037549712439236","author":"Kopke A","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE INFOCOM"},{"key":"bibr12-0037549712439236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PIMRC.2002.1046581"},{"key":"bibr13-0037549712439236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/958491.958493"},{"key":"bibr14-0037549712439236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1236360.1236364"},{"key":"bibr15-0037549712439236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phycom.2010.07.001"},{"key":"bibr16-0037549712439236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/26.592604"},{"key":"bibr17-0037549712439236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1960.tb03959.x"},{"key":"bibr18-0037549712439236","volume-title":"Probability and Random Processes for Electrical Engineering","author":"Leon Garcia A","year":"1993","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr19-0037549712439236","volume-title":"Global Internet Conference","author":"Yajnik M"},{"key":"bibr20-0037549712439236","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/0471200611"},{"key":"bibr21-0037549712439236","volume-title":"IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC)","author":"Iqbal A"},{"key":"bibr22-0037549712439236","volume-title":"Symmetrizing the Kullback\u2013Leibler Distance","author":"Johnson DH","year":"2001"}],"container-title":["SIMULATION"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0037549712439236","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0037549712439236","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T11:23:42Z","timestamp":1777634622000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0037549712439236"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,29]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0037549712439236"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0037549712439236","relation":{},"ISSN":["0037-5497","1741-3133"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0037-5497","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-3133","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,29]]}}}