{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T13:44:06Z","timestamp":1777902246796,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,11]],"date-time":"2012-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1347321600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["SIMULATION"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A small amount of literature has been produced on the study of panic spread in a large-scale emergency evacuation, especially that which involves rescue guidance. In a large-scale evacuation action, there are complicated interactions between people and the disaster environment, and it is very difficult to present such interactions in quantitative functions or specific values. In this paper, a qualitatively simulated approach to model and study the panic spread is proposed. First, the internal structure of the evacuation system is described and various internal and external phenomena related to the change of evacuees\u2019 behaviors in the evacuation process are qualitatively interpreted. Based on the qualitative knowledge, a qualitative simulation model of a large-scale evacuation system is established. The calculation results of inverse group matrix verify the rationality and stability of our model. According to the implementation of a series of scenarios with different input, some uncertainty factors that can affect the panic spread in the evacuation process are analyzed, in which the spread of disaster, the rescue guidance, and the normal emotional evacuees are mainly considered. This model reproduces a well-known phenomenon in crowd evacuation, namely \u201cfast is slow\u201d, and confirms that the severity of disaster exponentially positively correlates with the panic spread, and the effectiveness of rescue guidance is influenced by the leading emotion in the crowds as a whole.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0037549712456884","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,12]],"date-time":"2012-09-12T21:46:26Z","timestamp":1347486386000},"page":"1465-1474","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Qualitative simulation of the panic spread in large-scale evacuation"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"88","author":[{"given":"Jing-hong","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"},{"name":"USTC-CityU Joint Advanced Research Centre (Suzhou), Suzhou, China"}]},{"given":"Siu-ming","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USTC-CityU Joint Advanced Research Centre (Suzhou), Suzhou, China"},{"name":"Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"}]},{"given":"Jin-hua","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"},{"name":"USTC-CityU Joint Advanced Research Centre (Suzhou), Suzhou, China"}]},{"given":"Qing-song","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"}]},{"given":"Hong-lin","family":"Mu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China"},{"name":"USTC-CityU Joint Advanced Research Centre (Suzhou), Suzhou, China"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0037549712456884","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Helbing D, Farkas IJ, Vicsek T. 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Manage Rev [Internet] 2006; 18: 35\u201345. Available from: http:\/\/202.38.93.15\/asp\/Detail.asp (accessed 15 April 2010)."},{"key":"bibr18-0037549712456884","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2006.06.023"},{"key":"bibr19-0037549712456884","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3069453"},{"key":"bibr20-0037549712456884","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(86)90073-1"},{"key":"bibr21-0037549712456884","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0004-3702(97)00050-7"},{"key":"bibr22-0037549712456884","unstructured":"Quarantelli EL. Research findings on organizational behavior in disasters and their applicability in developing countries, http:\/\/dspace.udel.edu:8080\/dspace\/handle\/19716\/481. Report, Disaster Research Center, University of Delaware. Preliminary paper no. 107 (1986, accessed 19 January 2011)."},{"key":"bibr23-0037549712456884","unstructured":"Quarantelli EL. Disaster related social behavior: summary of 50 years of research findings, http:\/\/dspace.udel.edu:8080\/dspace\/handle\/19716\/289. Report, Disaster Research Center, University of Delaware. Preliminary paper no. 280 (1999, accessed 19 January 2011)."},{"key":"bibr24-0037549712456884","unstructured":"Pan X. Computational modeling of human and social behaviors for emergency egress analysis. PhD Thesis Stanford University, USA, CIFE technical report no. 165, 2006, pp.40\u201349. 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