{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T13:44:13Z","timestamp":1777902253899,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,21]],"date-time":"2012-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1353456000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["SIMULATION"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The current practice in modeling and simulation of wireless sensor network (WSN) environments is to develop functional WSN systems for event gathering and optimize the necessary performance metric using heuristics and intuition. The evaluation and validation of the WSN system is mostly done using simulation approaches and practical implementations. Simulation studies, despite their wide use and merits for network systems and algorithms validation, have some drawbacks such as long simulation times, and some results reported by several prominent protocols cannot be repeated and are inconsistent. We, therefore, argue that simulation-based validation of WSN systems and environments should be further strengthened through mathematical analysis. To this end, we developed our modeling framework based on energy consumption for WSN topology and information extraction in a grid-based and line-based, randomly distributed sensor network. We strengthen the work with a model of the mobility impact on routing energy consumption by deriving the expected energy consumption of an agent-based reactive routing protocol for a WSN system as a function of packet arrival rate and topology change rate, using a termite hill routing algorithm. The results of our mathematical analysis were also compared with the simulation results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0037549712466706","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,21]],"date-time":"2012-11-21T23:11:44Z","timestamp":1353539504000},"page":"589-615","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A formal mathematical framework for modeling and simulation of wireless sensor network environments utilizing the hill-building behavior of termites"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"Adamu Murtala","family":"Zungeru","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Nottingham, Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li-Minn","family":"Ang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kah Phooi","family":"Seng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Technology, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0037549712466706","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0037549711434180"},{"key":"bibr2-0037549712466706","first-page":"315","volume-title":"6th international conference on ant colony optimization and swarm intelligence","author":"Saleem M"},{"key":"bibr3-0037549712466706","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11721-010-0043-7"},{"key":"bibr4-0037549712466706","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlap.2011.12.001"},{"key":"bibr5-0037549712466706","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2010.07.005"},{"key":"bibr6-0037549712466706","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11721-011-0063-y"},{"key":"bibr7-0037549712466706","first-page":"213","volume-title":"IEEE swarm intelligence symposium, SIS","author":"Roth M"},{"key":"bibr8-0037549712466706","first-page":"3","volume-title":"1st ACM international workshop on sensor actor networks","author":"Hamida EB"},{"key":"bibr9-0037549712466706","first-page":"168","volume-title":"2nd ACM international workshop on performance evaluation of wireless ad-hoc, sensor, and ubiquitous networks","author":"Shin J"},{"key":"bibr10-0037549712466706","first-page":"1","volume-title":"International conference on new technologies, mobility, and security","author":"Khan ZA"},{"key":"bibr11-0037549712466706","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2003.814342"},{"key":"bibr12-0037549712466706","first-page":"51","volume-title":"IEEE international conference on communications","volume":"1","author":"Johansson M"},{"key":"bibr13-0037549712466706","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2012.07.014"},{"key":"bibr14-0037549712466706","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-31020-1_39"},{"key":"bibr15-0037549712466706","unstructured":"Zhang Y. Routing modeling application simulation environment (RMASE), http:\/\/www2.parc.com\/isl\/groups\/era\/nest\/Rmase\/ (2011, accessed 8 January 2011)."},{"key":"bibr16-0037549712466706","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hsu L-H, Lin C-H. Graph theory and interconnection networks. CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, 2009, pp. 23\u2013703.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420044829"},{"key":"bibr17-0037549712466706","first-page":"25","volume-title":"2011 third international conference on ubiquitous and future networks","author":"Meghji M"},{"key":"bibr18-0037549712466706","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HICSS.2000.926982"},{"key":"bibr19-0037549712466706","first-page":"6","volume":"9","author":"Panda M","year":"2010","journal-title":"Internat J Comp Appl"},{"key":"bibr20-0037549712466706","first-page":"622","volume-title":"2012 third international conference on intelligent systems, modeling, and simulation (ISMS)","author":"Zungeru AM"},{"key":"bibr21-0037549712466706","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2012.03.004"},{"key":"bibr22-0037549712466706","first-page":"90","volume-title":"2nd IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications","author":"Perkins C"},{"key":"bibr23-0037549712466706","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2012.02.024"},{"key":"bibr24-0037549712466706","first-page":"419","volume-title":"3rd international conference on ubiquitous intelligence and computing (UIC)","volume":"4159","author":"Cai W"},{"key":"bibr25-0037549712466706","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1631\/jzus.A071382"},{"key":"bibr26-0037549712466706","first-page":"420","volume-title":"Wireless sensor networks and energy efficiency: protocols, routing and management","author":"Zungeru AM","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr27-0037549712466706","first-page":"670","volume-title":"Third international conference on genetic and evolutionary computing","author":"Wang G"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr28-0037549712466706","first-page":"334","volume-title":"ICIEIS 2011, CCIS","volume":"252","author":"Zungeru AM","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr29-0037549712466706","first-page":"289","author":"Zhang Y","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ant Colony Optimization and Swarm Intelligence"},{"key":"bibr30-0037549712466706","first-page":"584","volume-title":"Communication technology (ICCT) 12th IEEE international conference","author":"Bi J"},{"key":"bibr31-0037549712466706","first-page":"2937","volume-title":"GLOBECOM \u201903, IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference","volume":"5","author":"Roth M"},{"key":"bibr32-0037549712466706","first-page":"821","volume-title":"GLOBECOM\u201901, IEEE Global Telecommunications Conference","volume":"2","author":"MacKenzie AB"},{"key":"bibr33-0037549712466706","unstructured":"Wikipedia. Termites. http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Termite, (2011, accessed 28 October 2011)."},{"key":"bibr34-0037549712466706","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNET.2007.896241"},{"key":"bibr35-0037549712466706","unstructured":"Emans B. Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN). Wikipedia, http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Additive_white_Gaussian_noise, (2012, accessed 8 March 2012)."},{"key":"bibr36-0037549712466706","first-page":"1717","volume":"3","author":"Sadagopan N.","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE INFOCOM"},{"key":"bibr37-0037549712466706","unstructured":"Waspmote. http:\/\/www.libelium.com\/documentation\/waspmote\/waspmote-datasheet_eng.pdf, (2012, accessed 8 March 2012)."},{"key":"bibr38-0037549712466706","unstructured":"Waspmote technical guide. http:\/\/www.libelium.com\/documentation\/waspmote\/waspmote-802.15.4-networking_guide.pdf (2012, accessed 8 March 2012)."},{"key":"bibr39-0037549712466706","first-page":"341","volume-title":"Energy Scavenging and Optimization Techniques for Mobile Devices","author":"Zungeru AM","year":"2011"}],"container-title":["SIMULATION"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0037549712466706","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0037549712466706","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0037549712466706","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T11:24:17Z","timestamp":1777634657000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0037549712466706"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,21]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0037549712466706"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0037549712466706","relation":{},"ISSN":["0037-5497","1741-3133"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0037-5497","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-3133","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,21]]}}}