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Although there are many localization techniques in the literature, some of these techniques involve tiny sensor nodes, which need to be computationally powerful and complex in hardware to estimate their locations. This paper proposes a modified sectoral sweeper-based localization estimation (M-SSLE) method, which is the improved version of our previously studied SSLE method, to achieve position information of sensor nodes. This technique requires only a central node having a smart antenna capability to estimate locations of sensor nodes and simplified message formats. Using the SSLE technique, the computational burden for location estimation is carried out by a central node and no hardware or software modification to tiny sensor devices is required. The M-SSLE is implemented using an OPNET modeler for realistic fading channel conditions. The detailed implementation methodology in OPNET is presented in terms of node and process models. The performance of the M-SSLE method is evaluated through different network scenarios and channel parameters in terms of localization error, average throughput, and node energy consumption. Furthermore, its localization performance is compared with the SSLE and Cram\u00e9r Rao Bound methods in the two different scenarios for the deployment of the sensor nodes. The M-SSLE average localization errors of 4.3 and 8.9 m are demonstrated under the log-distance and the log-normal shadowing channel conditions in a 250 m \u00d7 250 m area, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0037549713481256","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,4]],"date-time":"2013-04-04T23:54:40Z","timestamp":1365119680000},"page":"746-761","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A modified sectoral sweeper-based localization estimation and its implementation in a multi-hop wireless sensor networking environment by using OPNET"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"Kerem","family":"Kucuk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wireless Communications and Information Systems Research Center, Kocaeli University, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Necla","family":"Bandirmali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Engineering Department, Yalova University, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adnan","family":"Kavak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wireless Communications and Information Systems Research Center, Kocaeli University, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sedat","family":"Atmaca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronic and Computer Department, Kocaeli University, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0037549713481256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-1286(01)00302-4"},{"key":"bibr2-0037549713481256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2004.1368893"},{"key":"bibr3-0037549713481256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2008.04.002"},{"key":"bibr4-0037549713481256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15501320701205597"},{"key":"bibr5-0037549713481256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2006.11.018"},{"key":"bibr6-0037549713481256","first-page":"145","author":"Stojkoska B","year":"2010","journal-title":"ICT Innovations"},{"key":"bibr7-0037549713481256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2009.060484"},{"key":"bibr8-0037549713481256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0037549709106633"},{"key":"bibr9-0037549713481256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/11945918_50"},{"key":"bibr10-0037549713481256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compeleceng.2010.03.007"},{"key":"bibr11-0037549713481256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/98.656151"},{"key":"bibr12-0037549713481256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/APS.2008.4619571"},{"key":"bibr13-0037549713481256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCCAS.2004.1346454"},{"key":"bibr14-0037549713481256","first-page":"587","volume-title":"IEEE Euromicro symposium on digital system design","author":"Huang R"},{"key":"bibr15-0037549713481256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/GLOCOM.2005.1578378"},{"key":"bibr16-0037549713481256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IWCMC.2008.67"},{"key":"bibr17-0037549713481256","first-page":"1","volume-title":"12th European wireless conference","author":"Cho J","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr18-0037549713481256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VETECS.2007.645"},{"key":"bibr19-0037549713481256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSP.2005.857028"},{"key":"bibr20-0037549713481256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-com.2009.0763"},{"key":"bibr21-0037549713481256","first-page":"217","author":"Worasawate D","year":"2008","journal-title":"electrical engineering\/electronics, computer, telecommunications and information technology"},{"key":"bibr22-0037549713481256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IADCC.2009.4808994"},{"key":"bibr23-0037549713481256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/HPCC.2009.12"},{"key":"bibr24-0037549713481256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPPW.2010.79"},{"key":"bibr25-0037549713481256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2005.861381"},{"key":"bibr26-0037549713481256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2010.04.005"},{"key":"bibr27-0037549713481256","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/SAHCN.2008.54"},{"key":"bibr28-0037549713481256","unstructured":"OPNET Technologies, Inc., Optimum network simulation and engineering tool, http:\/\/www.opnet.com. 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