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Since much actual embedded equipment is not available, corresponding behavior is simulated within a high-level architecture (HLA) federation implemented with a run-time infrastructure (RTI) called CERTI and developed at ONERA. HLA is currently largely used in many simulation applications, but the limited performances of the RTIs raise doubts over the feasibility of HLA federations with real-time requirements. This paper addresses the problem of achieving real-time performances with the HLA standard. Several experiments are discussed using well-known aircraft simulators such as Microsoft Flight Simulator, FlightGear, and X-plane connected with the CERTI RTI. The added value of these activities is to demonstrate that according to a set of innovative solutions, HLA architecture is well suited to achieve hard real-time constraints. Finally, a formal model guaranteeing the schedulability of concurrent processes is also proposed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0037549714531054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,6]],"date-time":"2014-05-06T21:57:40Z","timestamp":1399413460000},"page":"627-643","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Real-time distributed simulations in an HLA framework: Application to aircraft simulation"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"Jean-Baptiste","family":"Chaudron","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Sup\u00e9rieur de l\u2019A\u00e9ronautique et de l\u2019Espace (ISAE), Mathematics, Computer Science and Control Theory Department, Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Saussi\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique de Montr\u00e9al, Electrical Engineering Department, Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Siron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Sup\u00e9rieur de l\u2019A\u00e9ronautique et de l\u2019Espace (ISAE), Mathematics, Computer Science and Control Theory Department, Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Adelantado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"French Aeronautics and Space Research Center (ONERA), Information Modeling and Processing Department, Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0037549714531054","author":"Object Management Group","year":"1998","journal-title":"Minimum CORBA\u2014joint revised"},{"key":"bibr2-0037549714531054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/2.7053"},{"key":"bibr3-0037549714531054","first-page":"184","volume-title":"Proceedings of the OOPSLA \u201997 conference","author":"Harrisson TH"},{"key":"bibr4-0037549714531054","author":"Object Management Group","year":"2005","journal-title":"Real-time CORBA specifications"},{"key":"bibr5-0037549714531054","author":"Object Management Group","year":"2007","journal-title":"Data distribution service for real-time systems"},{"key":"bibr6-0037549714531054","unstructured":"The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Computer Society. 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