{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T21:59:28Z","timestamp":1761947968923,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,1]],"date-time":"2014-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1398902400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["SIMULATION"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Pulsed Melodic Affective Processing (PMAP) is a method for the processing of artificial emotions in affective computing. PMAP is a data stream designed to be listened to, as well as computed with. The affective state is represented by numbers that are analogues of musical features, rather than by a binary stream. Previous affective computation has been done with emotion category indices, or real numbers representing various emotional dimensions. PMAP data can be generated directly by sound (e.g. heart rates or key-press speeds) and turned directly into music with minimal transformation. This is because PMAP data is music and computations done with PMAP data are computations done with music. This is important because PMAP is constructed so that the emotion that its data represents at the computational level will be similar to the emotion that a person \u201clistening\u201d to the PMAP melody hears. Thus, PMAP can be used to calculate \u201cfeelings\u201d and the result data will \u201csound like\u201d the feelings calculated. PMAP can be compared to neural spike streams, but ones in which pulse heights and rates encode affective information. This paper illustrates PMAP in a range of simulations. In a multi-agent simulation, initial results support that an affective multi-robot security system could use PMAP to provide a basic control mechanism for \u201csearch-and-destroy\u201d. Results of fitting a musical neural network with gradient descent to help solve a text emotional detection problem are also presented. The paper concludes by discussing how PMAP may be applicable in the stock markets, using a simplified order book simulation. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0037549714531060","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,6]],"date-time":"2014-05-06T17:30:01Z","timestamp":1399397401000},"page":"606-622","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Pulsed Melodic Affective Processing: Musical structures for increasing transparency in emotional computation"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"Alexis","family":"Kirke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre for Computer Music Research, School of Humanities, Music and Performing Arts, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK"}]},{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Centre for Computer Music Research, School of Humanities, Music and Performing Arts, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0037549714531060","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-2312(01)00658-0"},{"volume-title":"proceedings of the international conference on auditory display","author":"Chang M","key":"bibr2-0037549714531060"},{"volume-title":"The MIDI manual","year":"1991","author":"Huber D","key":"bibr3-0037549714531060"},{"volume-title":"proceedings of IEEE international symposium on circuits and systems","author":"Miller J","key":"bibr4-0037549714531060"},{"key":"bibr5-0037549714531060","first-page":"53","volume-title":"Artificial intelligence LNAI 5640","author":"Malatesa L","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr6-0037549714531060","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-69033-7_17"},{"key":"bibr7-0037549714531060","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/leon.2006.39.5.469"},{"key":"bibr8-0037549714531060","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00052-1"},{"volume-title":"proceedings of international computer music conference (ICMC)","author":"Kirke A","key":"bibr9-0037549714531060"},{"key":"bibr10-0037549714531060","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0929821042000317813"},{"key":"bibr11-0037549714531060","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198529361.003.0005"},{"key":"bibr12-0037549714531060","first-page":"499","volume-title":"Auditory display: sonification, audification, and auditory interfaces","author":"Cohen J","year":"1994"},{"key":"bibr13-0037549714531060","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/792704.792734"},{"first-page":"109","volume-title":"proceedings of 14th system administration conference LISA","author":"Gilfix M","key":"bibr14-0037549714531060"},{"volume-title":"proceedings of the 2002 international conference on auditory display","author":"Nesbitt KV","key":"bibr15-0037549714531060"},{"volume-title":"proceedings of 7th international conference on auditory display","author":"Chafe C","key":"bibr16-0037549714531060"},{"volume-title":"Neural networks a comprehensive foundation","year":"1994","author":"Haykin S","key":"bibr17-0037549714531060"},{"volume-title":"proceedings of international computer music conference (ICMC)","author":"Kirke A","key":"bibr18-0037549714531060"},{"key":"bibr19-0037549714531060","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/014892600559515"},{"key":"bibr20-0037549714531060","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.89.4.334"},{"volume-title":"Application of intermediate multi-agent systems to integrated algorithmic composition and expressive performance of music","year":"2011","author":"Kirke A","key":"bibr21-0037549714531060"},{"key":"bibr22-0037549714531060","first-page":"91","volume-title":"Handbook of emotions","author":"Cosmides L","year":"2000"},{"key":"bibr23-0037549714531060","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/T-C.1969.222662"},{"key":"bibr24-0037549714531060","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNN.2005.860850"},{"key":"bibr25-0037549714531060","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MPRV.2004.1269140"},{"key":"bibr26-0037549714531060","volume":"28","author":"Kotchetkov I","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurosurgl Focus"},{"volume-title":"proceedings of the 15th international conference on auditory display","author":"Worrall D","key":"bibr27-0037549714531060"},{"volume-title":"proceedings of ICAD 04 - tenth meeting of the international conference on auditory display","author":"Ciardi FC","key":"bibr28-0037549714531060"},{"volume-title":"Optimal trading strategies","year":"2003","author":"Kissell R","key":"bibr29-0037549714531060"},{"key":"bibr30-0037549714531060","first-page":"79","volume":"2","author":"Pole A","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trading"},{"volume-title":"Behavioral investment management: an efficient alternative to modern portfolio theory","year":"2012","author":"Davies GB","key":"bibr31-0037549714531060"},{"key":"bibr32-0037549714531060","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14626260701253606"},{"journal-title":"Int J Unconventional Comput","year":"2014","author":"Kirke A","key":"bibr33-0037549714531060"}],"container-title":["SIMULATION"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0037549714531060","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0037549714531060","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0037549714531060","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T09:58:59Z","timestamp":1740995939000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0037549714531060"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0037549714531060"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0037549714531060","relation":{},"ISSN":["0037-5497","1741-3133"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0037-5497"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1741-3133"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,5]]}}}