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A response surface approach is developed to find optimal or sub-optimal districting plans to minimize average response time and workload variation. An iterative searching procedure based on experimental design is proposed to study the relationship between parameters in a redistricting algorithm and performance measures of districting plans. Latin hypercube design and central composite design are used for the discrete-event model. Experimental results show that districting plans generated by improved districting parameters have significantly better performances than randomly generated plans. Compared with an adjusted simulated annealing approach, the response surface method has better searching efficiency. Thus, good districting plans can be generated more efficiently with designed experiments and provide better alternatives for police departments. Similar procedure also works for agent-based simulations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0037549714533159","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,2]],"date-time":"2014-06-02T19:43:20Z","timestamp":1401738200000},"page":"687-705","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Simulation optimization of police patrol districting plans using response surfaces"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"Yue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Predictive Technology Laboratory, Department of Systems and Information Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donald","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Predictive Technology Laboratory, Department of Systems and Information Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0037549714533159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/jors.1970.21"},{"key":"bibr2-0037549714533159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/inte.19.1.4"},{"key":"bibr3-0037549714533159","volume-title":"Police Patrol, Operations and Management","author":"Hale CD","year":"1980"},{"key":"bibr4-0037549714533159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0927-0507(05)80087-8"},{"key":"bibr5-0037549714533159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.30.6.653"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr6-0037549714533159","first-page":"577","volume":"63","author":"Mitchell PS","year":"1972","journal-title":"J Crim Law"},{"key":"bibr7-0037549714533159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11067-007-9035-6"},{"key":"bibr8-0037549714533159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0305-0548(01)00056-9"},{"issue":"51","key":"bibr9-0037549714533159","first-page":"126","volume":"60","author":"Hancock PG","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Oper Res Soc"},{"key":"bibr10-0037549714533159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/ori.1999.12"},{"key":"bibr11-0037549714533159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0196-6774(82)90018-9"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr12-0037549714533159","first-page":"81","volume":"23","author":"Altman M","year":"1997","journal-title":"Rutg Comp Tech Law J"},{"key":"bibr13-0037549714533159","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Proceedings of the international symposium on criminal justice information and statistics systems proceedings","author":"Knoppers BA"},{"key":"bibr14-0037549714533159","first-page":"73","author":"Larson RC","year":"1971","journal-title":"Rand Corp"},{"key":"bibr15-0037549714533159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/05695557908974395"},{"key":"bibr16-0037549714533159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.24.12.1280"},{"key":"bibr17-0037549714533159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.24.12.1291"},{"key":"bibr18-0037549714533159","volume-title":"Patrol Car Allocation Model: User\u2019s Manual","author":"Chaiken JM","year":"1989"},{"key":"bibr19-0037549714533159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/003754978103600102"},{"key":"bibr20-0037549714533159","first-page":"1","volume":"2013","author":"Ricca F","journal-title":"Ann Oper Res"},{"key":"bibr21-0037549714533159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0160017607301605"},{"issue":"7","key":"bibr22-0037549714533159","first-page":"1","volume":"2","author":"Zhang Y","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sec Informat"},{"key":"bibr23-0037549714533159","unstructured":"Malleson N. 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