{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T13:45:03Z","timestamp":1777902303237,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,24]],"date-time":"2014-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1406160000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["SIMULATION"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Adaptive architecture is expected to improve the performance of buildings and create more efficient building systems. One of the major research areas under this scope is the adaptive behavior of structural elements affected by load distribution. In order to achieve this, current studies develop structures that adapt by either following a database of pre-calculated equilibrium solutions or using self-learning algorithms to acquire active control systems to structures. This paper examined a case study element, which demonstrates an adaptive behavior in real time, based on self-learning abilities. The focus of this experiment was to gain control over a structural system as a whole (not only on a singular component) according to both objective and subjective parameters, that is, both load distribution parameters and spatial parameters, which are design related. The examined structural element was a canopy, situated in a dynamic environment that brought a change in the element\u2019s load distribution. The learning ability was given by applying a supervised learning algorithm\u2014Artificial Neural Network (ANN)\u2014on a physical prototype. The ANN was trained by an optimized database of finite solutions, which was created by a Genetic Algorithm. Through this method, complex calculations are conducted \u201coffline\u201d, and the component operates in a \u201cdecision-making\u201d mode in real time, adapting to a versatile environment while using minimal computational resources. Results show that the case study successfully exhibited self-learning and acquired the ability to adapt to unpredictable changing forces while keeping certain design requirements. This method can be applied over different structural elements (fa\u00e7ade elements, canopies, structural components, etc.) to achieve adaptation to various parameters with an unpredictable pattern, such as human behavior or weather conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0037549714543090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,25]],"date-time":"2014-07-25T02:18:22Z","timestamp":1406254702000},"page":"991-1006","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Adaptive behavior of structural systems in unpredictable changing environments by using self-learning algorithms: A case study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"Elite","family":"Sher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angelos","family":"Chronis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruairi","family":"Glynn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0037549714543090","unstructured":"Teuffel P. Architectural engineering and beyond. In: Proceedings of the 50th symposium of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures, Valencia, 2009, Editorial de la Universitat Polit\u00e9cnica de Valencia, http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10251\/7290 (2010, accessed 1 September 2012)."},{"key":"bibr2-0037549714543090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fox MA, Yeh BP. Intelligent kinetic systems in architecture. In: Nixon P, Lacey G, Dobson S (eds), Managing Interactions in Smart Environments. London, UK: Springer, 2000: 91\u2013103. Also available at: http:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007%2F978-1-4471-0743-9_9","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-0743-9_9"},{"key":"bibr3-0037549714543090","volume-title":"Shape control in responsive architectural structures \u2013 current reasons and challenges","author":"Sterk E","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr4-0037549714543090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/IE.2011.40"},{"key":"bibr5-0037549714543090","volume-title":"Proceedings of the symposium on smart structures and materials","author":"Sobek W"},{"key":"bibr6-0037549714543090","volume-title":"The computational beauty of nature: computer explorations of fractals, chaos, complex systems, and adaptation","author":"Flake GW","year":"1998"},{"key":"bibr7-0037549714543090","volume-title":"Cybernetics, or communication and control in the animal and the machine","author":"Wiener N","year":"1948"},{"key":"bibr8-0037549714543090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosenblueth A, Wiener N, Bigelow J. Behaviour, purpose and teleology. Phil Sci 10: 18\u201324. Also available at: http:\/\/pespmc1.vub.ac.be\/Books\/Wiener-teleology.pdf (1943, accessed 1 September 2012).","DOI":"10.1086\/286788"},{"key":"bibr9-0037549714543090","unstructured":"Winograd T, Flores F. Understanding computers and cognition. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Corp, 1986, p.207."},{"key":"bibr10-0037549714543090","unstructured":"Ashby WR. Principles of the self-organizing system. In: Von Foerster H, Zopf GWJr (eds), Principles of self-organization: transactions of the University of Illinois symposium. Pergamon Press: London, pp.255-278. Also available at: http:\/\/csis.pace.edu\/~marchese\/CS396x\/Computing\/Ashby.pdf (1962, accessed 1 September 2012)."},{"key":"bibr11-0037549714543090","volume-title":"Understanding understanding","author":"Von Foerster H","year":"2002"},{"key":"bibr12-0037549714543090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1878537.1878727"},{"key":"bibr13-0037549714543090","volume-title":"Machine learning","author":"Mitchell M","year":"1997"},{"key":"bibr14-0037549714543090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kota S, Hetrick J, Russell O, Design and application of compliant mechanisms for morphing aircraft structures, smart structures and materials 2003: industrial and commercial applications of smart structures technologies. 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Control concept for ultra-lightweight structures. dSpace magazine \u2013 Architecture with Brains, University of Stuttgart, http:\/\/www.dspace.com\/shared\/data\/pdf\/2013\/28_32_ArchitecturewithBrains2.pdf (2013, accessed 30 March 2014)."},{"key":"bibr17-0037549714543090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0045-7949(95)00438-6"},{"key":"bibr18-0037549714543090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9399(1995)121:4(555)"},{"key":"bibr19-0037549714543090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cma.2008.02.026"},{"key":"bibr20-0037549714543090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0890060407000327"},{"key":"bibr21-0037549714543090","unstructured":"Bonvin D, Srinivasan B. 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