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Formulating these as grand challenges arguably focuses attention on these key issues and may bring a critical mass of effort to bear that could result in a major leap forward. This article is one of several concurrent activities aimed at reinvigorating the debate on grand challenges in M&amp;S. These grand challenges include Big Simulation, human behavior, composability, cloud-based M&amp;S, reproducibility in M&amp;S research and the democratization of M&amp;S. Two themes emerge: the need for large-scale cloud-based cyberinfrastructures for M&amp;S and the democratized access to M&amp;S and its outputs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0037549715590594","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,3]],"date-time":"2015-07-03T10:53:00Z","timestamp":1435920780000},"page":"648-665","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Grand challenges for modeling and simulation: simulation everywhere\u2014from cyberinfrastructure to clouds to citizens"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"91","author":[{"given":"Simon J E","family":"Taylor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Modelling and Simulation Group, Department of Computer Science, Brunel University London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azam","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environment and Ergonomics Research Group, Autodesk Research, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine L","family":"Morse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Tolk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SimIS, Inc, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Levent","family":"Yilmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science and Software Engineering, Auburn University, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justyna","family":"Zander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HumanoidWay, Non-Profit Initiative, Poland\/USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pieter J","family":"Mosterman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MathWorks, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0037549715590594","unstructured":"Fujimoto RM, Lunceford D, Page E, Grand challenges for modeling and simulation Dagsthul Report, www.dagstuhl.de\/02351 (2002, accessed 6 October 2013)."},{"key":"bibr2-0037549715590594","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0037549704047324"},{"key":"bibr3-0037549715590594","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0037549704044081"},{"key":"bibr4-0037549715590594","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0037549704050532"},{"key":"bibr5-0037549715590594","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0037549704044326"},{"key":"bibr6-0037549715590594","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0037549704044324"},{"key":"bibr7-0037549715590594","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WSC.2012.6465310"},{"key":"bibr8-0037549715590594","first-page":"Article 34","volume-title":"proceedings of the 2013 symposium on the theory of modeling and simulation","author":"Taylor SJE","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr9-0037549715590594","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2486092.2486151"},{"key":"bibr10-0037549715590594","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WSC.2013.6721514"},{"key":"bibr11-0037549715590594","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2009.28"},{"key":"bibr12-0037549715590594","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1177\/003754979606600505","volume":"66","author":"Vangheluwe HL","year":"1996","journal-title":"Simulation"},{"key":"bibr13-0037549715590594","unstructured":"Science Gateway. http:\/\/science-gateway.chain-project.eu\/en_GB\/ (accessed 1 June 2015)."},{"key":"bibr14-0037549715590594","unstructured":"Science Gateway Based User Support project. www.sci-bus.eu (accessed 1 June 2015)."},{"key":"bibr15-0037549715590594","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.05.044"},{"key":"bibr16-0037549715590594","volume-title":"Unified theories of cognition","author":"Newell A","year":"1994"},{"key":"bibr17-0037549715590594","first-page":"40","volume":"124","author":"Sokolov AP","year":"2005","journal-title":"The MIT Integrated Global System Model (IGSM) Version 2: model description and baseline evaluation"},{"key":"bibr18-0037549715590594","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lloyd J, Stavness I, Fels S. 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