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The lower-level is an agent-based simulation model that can simulate the passenger flow based on the passenger choice behavior. Then the tabu search algorithm was used to solve the bi-level model. Finally, the bi-level model is verified using two bus routes of Dalian, China. The result proves the bi-level model is reliable.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0037549715620501","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,16]],"date-time":"2015-12-16T23:03:37Z","timestamp":1450307017000},"page":"617-625","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Express bus fare optimization based on passenger choice behavior"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"92","author":[{"given":"Baozhen","family":"Yao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automotive Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhe","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automotive Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qingda","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Automotive 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