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Then, validation of the model is presented by comparing the travel time of field observations and simulation results of the proposed model, and statistical testing of the average passenger waiting time and number of waiting passengers. Overall, two applications are developed to illustrate the model capabilities and application value. The first example compares average queuing lengths of urban road traffic at an intersection under different departing intervals of trams; the second one designs the plans of traffic signal coordination control and tram running processes to realize a two-directional green wave for trams.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0037549717734420","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,23]],"date-time":"2017-10-23T13:57:11Z","timestamp":1508767031000},"page":"77-90","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Modeling a modern tram system integrated with a road traffic simulation"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Xing","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuctech Company Limited, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanshan","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Zhai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0037549717734420","first-page":"9","volume":"26","author":"Miao CX","year":"2013","journal-title":"Urban Rapid Rail Transit"},{"key":"bibr2-0037549717734420","first-page":"33","volume":"1","author":"Fu WC","year":"2014","journal-title":"Modern Urban Transit"},{"key":"bibr3-0037549717734420","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference, APPEEC","author":"Jiang YJ"},{"key":"bibr4-0037549717734420","first-page":"9","volume":"4","author":"Glickenstein H","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Veh Technol Mag"},{"key":"bibr5-0037549717734420","unstructured":"APTA Streetcar Subcommittee Work Group. 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