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However, it can be hard to simulate the system as a whole if it is developed in a concurrent fashion by multiple and specialized teams. Co-simulation, with the support of the Functional Mockup Interface (FMI) Standard, is proposed as a way to promote tool interoperability while protecting the intellectual property of subsystems. The standard allows uniform communication between subsystem simulators, but does not state how the inputs and outputs should be interpreted, nor how the subsystems should interact correctly. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Semantic adaptations can be quickly made to correct the interactions with subsystem simulators that were produced with different assumptions, and avoid changing those subsystems, their simulators, or the orchestration algorithm that computes the co-simulation. In this work, we explore how to describe common adaptations and what their meaning is in the context of FMI co-simulation. <\/jats:p><jats:p> The result is a sound language that enables the implementation of adaptations with minimal effort. A distinct feature is that it describes adaptations for groups of interconnected subsystem simulators in the same way as for a single simulator, and the implementation is itself a simulator, thanks to a sound definition of hierarchical co-simulation. <\/jats:p><jats:p> This work paves the way for research into the correct combination and interfacing of different adaptations. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0037549718759775","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,24]],"date-time":"2018-04-24T09:01:30Z","timestamp":1524560490000},"page":"241-269","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Semantic adaptation for FMI co-simulation with hierarchical simulators"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"95","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2692-9742","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cl\u00e1udio","family":"Gomes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Antwerp, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Bart","family":"Meyers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Antwerp, Belgium"},{"name":"Flanders Make, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Joachim","family":"Denil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Antwerp, Belgium"},{"name":"Flanders Make, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Casper","family":"Thule","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aarhus University, Denmark"}]},{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Lausdahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aarhus University, Denmark"}]},{"given":"Hans","family":"Vangheluwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Antwerp, Belgium"},{"name":"Flanders Make, Belgium"},{"name":"McGill University"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"De Meulenaere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Antwerp, Belgium"},{"name":"Flanders Make, Belgium"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0037549718759775","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2794381"},{"key":"bibr2-0037549718759775","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00366-012-0286-6"},{"key":"bibr3-0037549718759775","first-page":"9","volume-title":"Proceedings of the AIS 2002 conference (AI, Simulation and Planning in High Autonomy Systems)","author":"Vangheluwe H"},{"key":"bibr4-0037549718759775","first-page":"173","volume-title":"9th international Modelica conference","author":"Blockwitz T"},{"key":"bibr5-0037549718759775","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/43.736561."},{"key":"bibr6-0037549718759775","first-page":"60","volume-title":"International conference on embedded computer systems: architectures, modeling, and simulation (SAMOS)","author":"Tripakis S"},{"key":"bibr7-0037549718759775","first-page":"364","volume-title":"7th international Modelica conference","author":"Otter M"},{"key":"bibr8-0037549718759775","volume-title":"ACM student research competition (ACM\/IEEE 19th international conference on model driven engineering languages and systems)","author":"Gomes C"},{"key":"bibr9-0037549718759775","volume-title":"Progress in differential-algebraic equations","author":"Arnold M"},{"key":"bibr10-0037549718759775","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/zamm.201500196"},{"key":"bibr11-0037549718759775","first-page":"115","volume-title":"8th international Modelica conference","author":"Bastian J"},{"key":"bibr12-0037549718759775","volume-title":"1st workshop on formal co-simulation of cyber\u2013physical systems","author":"Gomes C"},{"key":"bibr13-0037549718759775","volume-title":"IUTAM symposium on co-simulation and solver coupling","author":"Gomes C"},{"key":"bibr14-0037549718759775","first-page":"47","volume-title":"7th international workshop on multi-paradigm modeling","author":"Meyers B"},{"key":"bibr15-0037549718759775","first-page":"99","volume-title":"Symposium on theory of modeling & simulation: DEVS integrative M&S symposium","author":"Denil J"},{"key":"bibr16-0037549718759775","first-page":"946","volume-title":"Symposium on theory of modeling & simulation: DEVS integrative M&S symposium","author":"Van Acker B"},{"key":"bibr17-0037549718759775","author":"Gomes C","year":"2017","journal-title":"Co-simulation: state of the art"},{"key":"bibr18-0037549718759775","unstructured":"1730-2010 \u2013 IEEE recommended practice for distributed simulation engineering and execution process (DSEEP)."},{"key":"bibr19-0037549718759775","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1076\/1387-3954(200006)6:2;1-M;FT093"},{"key":"bibr20-0037549718759775","first-page":"23","volume-title":"European joint conference on theory and practice of software (ETAPS), workshop on applied graph transformation (AGT)","author":"Posse E"},{"key":"bibr21-0037549718759775","unstructured":"Gomes C, Denil J, Vangheluwe H. 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