{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T13:47:28Z","timestamp":1777902448984,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,13]],"date-time":"2019-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1552435200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["SIMULATION"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Regarding the significant potential of solar energy in Iran, implementation of optimally designed photovoltaic (PV) systems can be effective. Hence, this study proposes two objective functions: first, the maximum possible output energy for a given area and, second, the minimum area receiving a given yearly energy from PV fixed collectors in a solar field, both of which are calculated. In addition, the shading and masking effects are considered in the calculations. A modified particle swarm optimization (MPSO) algorithm is used to solve the optimization problem. The case study of this article is a shopping center in Isfahan-Iran (latitude 32.5\u00b0N) with the minimum yearly energy demand of 171 MWh and the 5000 m\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    roof area. To evaluate the yearly energy, the calculated hourly radiation approach is applied to the case study. The results show that the maximum possible generated energy is 881 MWh\/year for the given area. In addition, to provide the minimum demand, 720 m\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    area of roof is needed. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed MPSO, the results are compared with those of obtained by the relevant commercial software.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0037549719831362","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,13]],"date-time":"2019-03-13T09:18:23Z","timestamp":1552468703000},"page":"931-939","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Optimal design of photovoltaic solar systems considering shading effect and hourly radiation using a modified PSO algorithm"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"95","author":[{"given":"Mohammad Hossein","family":"Shams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Babol Noshivani University of Technology, Babol, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8872-7674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohsen","family":"Kia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Pardis, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alireza","family":"Heidari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0037549719831362","unstructured":"Natural Resources Canada. 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