{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T13:48:06Z","timestamp":1777902486087,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,10]],"date-time":"2021-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618012800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["SIMULATION"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Rear-end collision detection and avoidance is one of the most crucial driving tasks of self-driving vehicles. Mathematical models and fuzzy logic-based methods have recently been proposed to improve the effectiveness of the rear-end collision detection and avoidance systems in autonomous vehicles (AVs). However, these methodologies do not tackle real-time object detection and response problems in dense\/dynamic road traffic conditions due to their complex computation and decision-making structures. In our previous work, we presented an affective computing-inspired Enhanced Emotion Enabled Cognitive Agent (EEEC_Agent), which is capable of rear-end collision avoidance using artificial human driver emotions. However, the architecture of the EEEC_Agent is based on an ultrasonic sensory system which follows three-state driving strategies without considering the neighbor vehicles types. To address these issues, in this paper we propose an extended version of the EEEC_Agent which contains human driver-inspired dynamic driving mode controls for autonomous vehicles. In addition, a novel end-to-end learning-based motion planner has been devised to perceive the surrounding environment and regulate driving tasks accordingly. The real-time in-field experiments performed using a prototype AV demonstrate the effectiveness of this proposed rear-end collision avoidance system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00375497211004721","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,10]],"date-time":"2021-04-10T08:50:45Z","timestamp":1618044645000},"page":"601-617","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["REEEC-AGENT: human driver cognition and emotions-inspired rear-end collision avoidance method for autonomous vehicles"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"97","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4799-6488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad A","family":"Butt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Control, Automotive and Robotics Lab, affiliated lab of National Center of Robotics and Automation (NCRA HEC), Pakistan"},{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mirpur, AJK, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Faisal","family":"Riaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Control, Automotive and Robotics Lab, affiliated lab of National Center of Robotics and Automation (NCRA HEC), Pakistan"},{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mirpur, AJK, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yasir","family":"Mehmood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mirpur, AJK, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Somyyia","family":"Akram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mirpur, AJK, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-00375497211004721","unstructured":"NHTSA. Analyses of Rear-End Crashes and Near-Crashes in the 100-Car Naturalistic Driving Study to Support Rear-Signaling Countermeasure Development, www.nhtsa.gov\/sites\/nhtsa.dot.gov\/files\/analyses20of20rear-end20crashes20and20near-crashes20dot20hs2081020846.pdf (accessed 7 August 2020)."},{"key":"bibr2-00375497211004721","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2018.02.007"},{"key":"bibr3-00375497211004721","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2015.02.015"},{"key":"bibr4-00375497211004721","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2018.2807796"},{"key":"bibr5-00375497211004721","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpdc.2017.08.014"},{"key":"bibr6-00375497211004721","first-page":"346","volume-title":"2012 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation","author":"Van Den Berg J"},{"key":"bibr7-00375497211004721","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0186103"},{"key":"bibr8-00375497211004721","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2015.06.050"},{"key":"bibr9-00375497211004721","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2012.03.047"},{"key":"bibr10-00375497211004721","first-page":"273","volume-title":"2017 Forum on Cooperative Positioning and Service (CPGPS)","author":"Sun R"},{"key":"bibr11-00375497211004721","first-page":"1","volume-title":"2018 15th IEEE Annual Consumer Communications & Networking Conference (CCNC)","author":"Elmannai WM"},{"key":"bibr12-00375497211004721","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511571299"},{"key":"bibr13-00375497211004721","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/atr.1426"},{"key":"bibr14-00375497211004721","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0037549717742203"},{"key":"bibr15-00375497211004721","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0037549717742203"},{"key":"bibr16-00375497211004721","first-page":"1","volume-title":"2017 IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems (FUZZ-IEEE)","author":"Palm R"},{"key":"bibr17-00375497211004721","first-page":"225","volume":"1","author":"Cook B","year":"2017","journal-title":"Modern fuzzy control systems and its applications"},{"key":"bibr18-00375497211004721","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conengprac.2008.09.006"},{"key":"bibr19-00375497211004721","first-page":"190","volume-title":"2016 International Conference on Computing, Electronic and Electrical Engineering (ICE Cube)","author":"Razzaq S"},{"key":"bibr20-00375497211004721","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2009.2036595"},{"key":"bibr21-00375497211004721","first-page":"273","volume-title":"2017 Forum on Cooperative Positioning and Service (CPGPS)","author":"Sun R"},{"key":"bibr22-00375497211004721","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1504\/IJVAS.2006.009308"},{"key":"bibr23-00375497211004721","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2016.09.035"},{"key":"bibr24-00375497211004721","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCST.2012.2231866"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr25-00375497211004721","first-page":"127","volume":"5","author":"Riaz F","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Commun Netw Inf Secur"},{"key":"bibr26-00375497211004721","first-page":"266","volume-title":"German Conference on Multiagent System Technologies","author":"Belhaj M"},{"key":"bibr27-00375497211004721","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2016.09.015"},{"key":"bibr28-00375497211004721","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TCST.2017.2664722"},{"key":"bibr29-00375497211004721","first-page":"549","volume-title":"2017 18th International Conference on Advanced Robotics (ICAR)","author":"Xiong G"},{"key":"bibr30-00375497211004721","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sbspro.2012.09.815"},{"key":"bibr31-00375497211004721","first-page":"1","volume-title":"2009 12th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems","author":"Zhenlong L"},{"key":"bibr32-00375497211004721","first-page":"423","volume-title":"Hellenic Conference on Artificial Intelligence","author":"Zoumpoulaki A"},{"key":"bibr33-00375497211004721","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-22336-5_11"},{"key":"bibr34-00375497211004721","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3169\/mta.6.46"}],"container-title":["SIMULATION"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00375497211004721","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00375497211004721","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00375497211004721","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T11:30:54Z","timestamp":1777635054000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00375497211004721"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,10]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00375497211004721"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00375497211004721","relation":{},"ISSN":["0037-5497","1741-3133"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0037-5497","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-3133","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,10]]}}}