{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T19:23:27Z","timestamp":1775849007301,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]],"date-time":"2024-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708041600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shift2Rail Joint Undertaking under the European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme","award":["881782"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["881782"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["SIMULATION"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> In the last years, there has been a growing interest in the emerging concept of digital twin (DT) as it represents a promising paradigm to continuously monitor cyber\u2013physical systems, as well as to test and validate predictability, safety, and reliability aspects. At the same time, artificial intelligence (AI) is exponentially affirming as an extremely powerful tool when it comes to modeling the behavior of physical assets allowing, de facto, the possibility of making predictions on their potential evolution. However, despite the fact that DTs and AI (and their combination) can act as game-changing technologies in different domains (including the railways), several challenges have to be faced to ensure their effectiveness, especially when dealing with safety-critical systems. This paper provides a narrative review of the scientific literature on DTs for railway maintenance applications, with a special focus on their relationship with AI. The aim is to discuss the opportunities the integration of these two technologies could open in railway maintenance applications (and beyond), while highlighting the main challenges that should be overcome for its effective implementation. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00375497241229756","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,17]],"date-time":"2024-02-17T06:43:21Z","timestamp":1708152201000},"page":"903-917","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Integrating AI and DTs: challenges and opportunities in railway maintenance application and beyond"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"100","author":[{"given":"Ruth","family":"Dirnfeld","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Media Technology, Linnaeus University, Sweden"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"De Donato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University of Naples Federico II, Italy"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Somma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University of Naples Federico II, Italy"}]},{"given":"Mehdi Saman","family":"Azari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Media Technology, Linnaeus University, Sweden"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6852-0377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Marrone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University of Naples Federico II, Italy"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Flammini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Media Technology, Linnaeus University, Sweden"},{"name":"The School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, M\u00e4lardalen University, Sweden"}]},{"given":"Valeria","family":"Vittorini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, University of Naples Federico II, Italy"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-00375497241229756","first-page":"1","volume":"379","author":"Flammini F","year":"2021","journal-title":"Philos Trans Royal Soc A Math Phys Eng Sci"},{"key":"bibr2-00375497241229756","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.2999871"},{"key":"bibr3-00375497241229756","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compind.2021.103469"},{"key":"bibr4-00375497241229756","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compind.2021.103558"},{"key":"bibr5-00375497241229756","first-page":"309","volume-title":"International conference on information control, electrical engineering and rail transit (ICEERT)","author":"Bao L"},{"key":"bibr6-00375497241229756","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12688\/openreseurope.13806.2"},{"key":"bibr7-00375497241229756","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su14127060"},{"key":"bibr8-00375497241229756","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3183102"},{"key":"bibr9-00375497241229756","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trc.2022.103679"},{"key":"bibr10-00375497241229756","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2021.3131637"},{"key":"bibr11-00375497241229756","first-page":"192","volume-title":"Reliability, safety, and security of railway systems. 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