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Considering the timing of customers\u2019 needs and the availability of production resources, it becomes important to find an efficient order-dispatching sequence to optimize the coordination across multiple production units. To achieve this, a simulation model is essential to evaluate and validate the proposed algorithm\u2019s performance prior to real-world implementation. In this study, a heuristic algorithm based on a Threshold- and Priority-Based Dispatching Rule (TPDR) is presented aimed at minimizing flow time while avoiding potential deadlocks and meeting key performance indicators (KPIs). The proposed heuristic is integrated into a discrete-event simulation (DES) framework, allowing for dynamic adjustments to the dispatching sequence of high-volume and highly-customized orders based on real-time system\/machine performance. To assess its effectiveness, a case study of a Mail Order Pharmacy Automation (MOPA) system is conducted within three DES models, comparing the proposed TPDR-based heuristic with three widely used dispatching rules. The simulation results demonstrate that the TPDR-based heuristic algorithm significantly enhances productivity and eliminates production bottlenecks while maintaining throughput levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00375497251328047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T15:18:22Z","timestamp":1744384702000},"page":"909-935","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A threshold- and priority-based dispatching rule for the simulation-based dynamic scheduling optimization in automated manufacturing systems"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"101","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1620-7757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuxin","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Science and Industrial Engineering, State University of New York at Binghamton, USA"}]},{"given":"Lubna","family":"Altarawneh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Science and Industrial Engineering, State University of New York at Binghamton, USA"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Sa\u2019eed","family":"Alattar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Science and Industrial Engineering, State University of New York at Binghamton, USA"}]},{"given":"Abdelrahman","family":"Farrag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Science and Industrial Engineering, State University of New York at Binghamton, USA"}]},{"given":"Soongeol","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, Yonsei University, Republic of Korea"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, State University of New York at Buffalo, USA"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2012.03.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-2217(84)90047-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10100-020-00701-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpe.2024.109201"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-017-0158-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-024-14255-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","first-page":"2179","volume-title":"IEEE international conference mechatronics and automation","author":"Huang P","unstructured":"Huang P, Li H, Han L. 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