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However, while there have been many research projects applying simulation in this context, the level of sustained uptake in healthcare practice has been lower. We conjecture that an important reason for this is the time, cost and complexity of developing simulation models. Therefore, being able to reuse models would be key to improving uptake of simulation in healthcare. Conventional practice is that simulation models are developed\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">from scratch<\/jats:italic>\n                    for every new problem. In this paper, we review current strategies for model reuse in the healthcare context, aiming to identify complementary techniques for model reuse available to healthcare modellers and managers. Specifically, we identify three different modes of model reuse \u2013 forming a triadic framework \u2013 each prioritising a different aspect: FAIR and open-science aspects of model reuse; reusable conceptual simulation domains through modelling languages and transformations; and black-box model(-component) reuse including distributed simulation. We show how these three perspectives complement and enhance each other. We believe that developing concrete mechanisms and tools for leveraging the relationships between the three different modes of model reuse will be key to increasing the uptake of simulation modelling in healthcare practice.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00375497251383912","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T13:44:57Z","timestamp":1762955097000},"page":"149-165","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["On simulation reuse in healthcare applications"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"102","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9062-6637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steffen","family":"Zschaler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"King\u2019s College London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2204-8924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Navonil","family":"Mustafee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Exeter Business School, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison","family":"Harper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Exeter Business School, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Monks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Exeter Medical School, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bhakti Stephan","family":"Onggo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southampton, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine S. 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