{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T13:50:27Z","timestamp":1777902627927,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770595200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["SIMULATION"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The growing impact of climate change has prompted global efforts toward decarbonization, including ambitious targets set by the 2016 Paris Agreement. In the mining sector, the main contributors to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are loading and haulage, typically carried out using large diesel trucks. This study evaluates alternatives to diesel fuel for mining trucks, focusing on electricity, renewable diesel, and liquefied natural gas (LNG). Using discrete-event simulation (DES), we assessed these fuels based on operational data from an open-pit copper mine over a 24-hour period. Results reaffirm diesel as the current industry standard but highlight electric trucks as the most effective at reducing CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    emissions by up to 95%, while also lowering operating costs. However, their success depends heavily on charging infrastructure and efficient energy management. Renewable diesel offers an approximately 90% reduction in CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    emissions and is compatible with existing equipment, making it a viable transitional option for operations not yet ready for electrification. LNG, often promoted as a cleaner fuel, resulted in a 69% increase in fuel consumption and a 48% higher CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    emissions in this study, questioning its role in decarbonization. Overall, renewable diesel and low-energy electric trucks appear to be the most promising paths toward greener mining. The optimal solution varies by site, depending on infrastructure, operational demands, and decarbonization goals. Further studies are needed to conduct a comparative analysis of different truck fuel types under varying mining conditions, including evaluations of cost-effectiveness and full environmental impact.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00375497251412903","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]],"date-time":"2026-02-09T10:32:02Z","timestamp":1770633122000},"page":"233-254","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Simulation-based evaluation of energy and operational efficiency for mine haul truck fuel alternatives"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"102","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8111-9667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego","family":"Canullan Fuentes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The School of Mining Engineering and Mineral Resources, University of Arizona, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angelina","family":"Anani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The School of Mining Engineering and Mineral Resources, University of Arizona, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sefiu O.","family":"Adewuyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The School of Mining Engineering and Mineral Resources, University of Arizona, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asieh","family":"Hekmat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Metallurgical Engineering, University of Concepci\u00f3n, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"United Nations. Paris Agreement. United Nations 2015 https:\/\/unfccc.int\/process-and-meetings\/the-paris-agreement"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","unstructured":"Cawley T Wilkinson S Pero L et al. Analyses of diesel use for mine haul and transport operations. Australian Government Department of Resources Energy and Tourism 2011 https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/303370988_Analyses_of_Diesel_Use_for_Mine_Haul_and_Transport_Operations"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","unstructured":"Bellois G. The impact of climate change on the mining sector. International Institute for Sustainable Development 2022 https:\/\/www.iisd.org\/publications\/brief\/impacts-climate-change-mining-sector"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247-022-00346-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2009.09.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-018-1813-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resourpol.2023.103978"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","unstructured":"Bohorquez A. Hauling system in surface mining. Faculty of Engineering National University of Cajamarca Cajamarca 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","unstructured":"Mohammad M Ehsani M. An investigation of natural gas as a substitute for diesel in heavy-duty trucks and associated considerations 2015 https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1512.01421"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","unstructured":"Energy Efficiency & renewable Energy. Renewable diesel. U.S Department of Energy 2024 https:\/\/afdc.energy.gov\/fuels\/renewable-diesel"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajce.2024.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","unstructured":"Epiroc. The Zero-Emission Fleet. Epiroc 2018 https:\/\/www.epiroc.com\/en-us\/innovation-and-technology\/zero-emission"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","unstructured":"Microtex. Mining Locomotive Batteries. Microtex 2024 https:\/\/microtexindia.com\/batterypowered-underground-mining-equipment\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esr.2024.101597"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gsme.2024.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.07.233"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 15th North American mine ventilation symposium","author":"Varaschin J","unstructured":"Varaschin J, De Souza E. Economics of diesel fleet replacement by electric mining equipment. In: Proceedings of the 15th North American mine ventilation symposium, Blacksburg, VI, 20\u201325 June 2015."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2023.139056"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/459\/4\/042059"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2025.3588871"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/mining3010001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TIA.2014.2372046"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.133568"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","first-page":"103978","article-title":"Assessing technological trends in mining fleet energy management strategies","volume":"85","author":"Mesa JA.","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mesa JA. Assessing technological trends in mining fleet energy management strategies. Resour Policy 2025; 85: 103978.","journal-title":"Resour Policy"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","first-page":"1164","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 9th International Conference and Exhibition on Mass Mining","author":"Hooli J","unstructured":"Hooli J, Halim A, Sundqvist F. Comparative analysis: Evaluating battery and diesel load haul dump (LHD) units\u2019 productivity in a block cave mine using discrete event simulation. In: Proceedings of the 9th International Conference and Exhibition on Mass Mining, Kiruna, 17\u201319 September 2024, pp. 1164\u20131175. Lule\u00e5: Lule\u00e5 University of Technology."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsm.2016.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","first-page":"121","article-title":"Energy-efficient loading and hauling operations","volume":"7","author":"Soofastaei A","year":"2017","unstructured":"Soofastaei A, Karimpour E, Knights P, et al. Energy-efficient loading and hauling operations. Green Energ Tech 2017; 7: 121\u2013146.","journal-title":"Green Energ Tech"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/mining3010006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","volume-title":"Microscopic fuel consumption modelling for haulage trucks using discrete event simulation","author":"Kina E.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kina E. Microscopic fuel consumption modelling for haulage trucks using discrete event simulation. School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en15134871"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","unstructured":"Rio Tinto. Fueling our trucks with renewable diesel 2023 https:\/\/www.riotinto.com\/en\/news\/stories\/fuelling-our-trucks-with-renewable-diesel"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","unstructured":"Cummins Inc. Cummins supports mining customer Rio Tinto in their transition to renewable diesel 2024 https:\/\/www.cummins.com\/news\/2024\/11\/06\/cummins-supports-mining-customer-rio-tinto-their-transition-renewable-diesel"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","volume-title":"EMEP\/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook","author":"European Environment Agency & European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP)","year":"2013","unstructured":"European Environment Agency & European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP). EMEP\/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2013 (Technical report No 12\/2013). European Environment Agency, Copenhagen, 2013."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","unstructured":"Crown Oil. EN 590 Diesel Fuel Specifications (ULSD) n.d https:\/\/www.crownoil.co.uk\/fuel-specifications\/en-590\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","unstructured":"Unitrove. Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) n.d. https:\/\/www.unitrove.com\/engineering\/gas-technology\/liquefied-natural-gas"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","unstructured":"Energy Efficiency & renewable Energy. Alternative Fuel Price Report. U.S Department of Energy Washington DC 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","unstructured":"Caterpillar Inc. Cat Dynamic Gas Blending Engine Upgrade Kits 2022 https:\/\/s7d2.scene7.com\/is\/content\/Caterpillar\/CM20180910-53599-44445"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","unstructured":"Parkinson G. Fortescue\u2019s 6MW electric vehicle charger stuns the EV and mining industries. The Driven 2024 https:\/\/thedriven.io\/2024\/09\/26\/fortescues-6mw-electric-vehicle-charger-stuns-the-ev-and-mining-industries\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","unstructured":"U.S. Energy Information Administration. Electricity Data Browser 2024 https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/electricity\/data\/browser\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 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U.S. Department of Energy Washington DC 2024."}],"container-title":["SIMULATION"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00375497251412903","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00375497251412903","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00375497251412903","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T11:35:03Z","timestamp":1777635303000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00375497251412903"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00375497251412903"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00375497251412903","relation":{},"ISSN":["0037-5497","1741-3133"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0037-5497","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-3133","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,9]]}}}