{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T08:00:28Z","timestamp":1780300828128,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":148,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776124800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSFC #72474029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSFC #72474029"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["SIMULATION"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic placed tremendous strain on medical resources. To assess intervention strategies and resource planning for metropolitan pandemic response, a hybrid System Dynamics\u2013Discrete-Event Simulation (SD-DES) framework is developed, using Wuhan as a case study. With SD capturing macroscopic infection dynamics and policy intervention and DES simulating medical resource scheduling, bidirectional feedback between macro and micro levels enables a more holistic and comprehensive evaluation of policy effects. By simulating 132 representative scenarios, key factors including containment measures, medical resource capacity, mask adoption, vaccine rollout speed, and the timing of external medical support were examined. Our analysis provides a comprehensive perspective on pandemic prevention and control decision-making, an aspect often underrepresented in prior studies. The model offers an extensible computational framework for complex socioeconomic systems, such as pandemic emergencies, where dynamic and process complexities coexist. It can assist policymakers in enhancing the healthcare system\u2019s preparedness and mitigating the spread of the pandemic. Future research could improve model robustness by incorporating advanced parameter estimation techniques, such as particle filtering. To address computational challenges, we also recommend implementing asynchronous module execution and optimized programming to improve simulation efficiency and scalability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00375497261441339","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T09:18:06Z","timestamp":1776158286000},"page":"373-402","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pandemics and urban emergency response: employing hybrid simulation to enhance optimal design of intervention measures"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"102","author":[{"given":"Hongli","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yunnan Academy of Governance, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4463-9431","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shiyong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kefeng","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bryan School of Business &amp; Economics, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wai Kin Victor","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"WMHC (Wuhan Municipal Health Commission). Coronavirus disease COVID-2019 prevention and control situation http:\/\/wjw.wuhan.gov.cn\/ztzl_28\/fk\/fkdt\/202004\/t20200430_1197980.shtml (2020 accessed 4 December 2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00148-020-00778-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","volume-title":"System dynamics: systems thinking and modeling for a complex world","author":"Sterman JD","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sterman JD. System dynamics: systems thinking and modeling for a complex world. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill Education, 2000."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2005.062059"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sres.2460"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-015-0221-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2009.171165"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.jors.2601862"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SIH.0b013e318259d134"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sdr.347"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/jors.2015.99"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2005.067660"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sdr.240"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2009.186890"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301816"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sdr.211"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sdr.4260090104"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002850000032"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amc.2017.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSP51882.2021.9408970"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11071-020-05743-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-2217(93)90036-M"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1727(199922)15:2<119::AID-SDR163>3.0.CO;2-G"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1019045224429"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/jors.2009.90"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-10-70"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dss.2012.10.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sdr.1655"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17513758.2020.1773000"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0883-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","volume-title":"The art of simulation","author":"Tocher KD","year":"1963","unstructured":"Tocher KD. The art of simulation. London: English Universities Press Ltd, 1963."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226902050.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jom.2003.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jom.2010.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/joom.1108"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.jors.2602128"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/jors.1985.103"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.jors.2600669"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-33636-7_8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","first-page":"211","article-title":"Evaluation of physician in triage impact on overcrowding in emergency department using discrete-event simulation","volume":"5","author":"Peng Q","year":"2020","unstructured":"Peng Q, Yang J, Strome T, et al. Evaluation of physician in triage impact on overcrowding in emergency department using discrete-event simulation. J Proj Manag 2020; 5: 211\u2013226.","journal-title":"J Proj Manag"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2018.06.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00019053-200624110-00002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/joom.1058"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-013-0058-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1020326005465"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-2217(02)00783-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4682-9-39"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.2011.02877.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"The diffusion of discrete event simulation approaches in health care management in the past four decades: a comprehensive review","volume":"5","author":"Liu S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu S, Li Y, Triantis KP, et al. The diffusion of discrete event simulation approaches in health care management in the past four decades: a comprehensive review. MDM Policy Pract 2020; 5: 1\u201317.","journal-title":"MDM Policy Pract"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.jors.2602566"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118762745.ch09"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-003126"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-044149"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hpm.3499"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_2","first-page":"310","article-title":"Optimising patient flow dynamics at a south African public hospital with resource constraints","volume":"8","author":"Ansermeah MMF","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ansermeah MMF, Proches CG, Bodhanya S, et al. Optimising patient flow dynamics at a south African public hospital with resource constraints. Int J Innov Res Sci Stud 2025; 8: 310\u2013325.","journal-title":"Int J Innov Res Sci Stud"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Abid A Tlili M Maaroufi F et al. Decision models for performance evaluation and human resources planning in Tunisian public hospitals during the COVID-19 pandemic: a case study. J Simul. Epub ahead of print 6 November 2025. DOI: 10.1080\/17477778.2025.2577957.","DOI":"10.1080\/17477778.2025.2577957"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_2","first-page":"608","article-title":"Capacity-need gap in hospital resources for varying mitigation and containment strategies in India in the face of COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"5","author":"Verma VR","year":"2020","unstructured":"Verma VR, Saini A, Gandhi S, et al. Capacity-need gap in hospital resources for varying mitigation and containment strategies in India in the face of COVID-19 pandemic. Infect Dis Model 2020; 5: 608\u2013621.","journal-title":"Infect Dis Model"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111657"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpolmod.2021.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-20-5248"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seps.2023.101660"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1011492"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3934\/math.2023114"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2023.101886"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-18157-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17477778.2025.2488485"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lansea.2025.100584"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-1260"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/23814683211049249"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph181910002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jalm\/jfaa231"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/24725579.2022.2149936"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2023.109408"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-024-18038-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_76_2","first-page":"234","article-title":"Exploring a targeted approach for public health capacity restrictions during COVID-19 using a new computational model","volume":"9","author":"Micuda AN","year":"2024","unstructured":"Micuda AN, Anderson MR, Babayan I, et al. Exploring a targeted approach for public health capacity restrictions during COVID-19 using a new computational model. Infect Dis Model 2024; 9: 234\u2013244.","journal-title":"Infect Dis Model"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph22010039"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10729-020-09511-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-06066-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2021.05.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10100-021-00779-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyab034"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2022.100662"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.health.2023.100197"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13033-024-00623-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03036758.2021.1876111"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-6405.13221"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsif.2022.0698"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2020.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.jors.2600880"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_91_2","first-page":"25","volume-title":"Health sciences simulation","author":"Brailsford SC","year":"2003","unstructured":"Brailsford SC, Churilov L, Liew SK. Treating ailing emergency departments with simulation: an integrated perspective. In: Anderson J, Katz E (eds) Health sciences simulation. San Diego, CA: Society for Modeling and Computer Simulation, 2003, pp. 25\u201330."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sres.2897"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.31.6.1030"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2018.10.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2019.08.036"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2019.113158"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CASE49439.2021.9551589"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjhci-2020-100248"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00207540500142472"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/01443570510599700"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09511920400030138"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_102_2","first-page":"602","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2017 international conference on industrial engineering and operations management (IEOM)","author":"Helal M","unstructured":"Helal M, Rabelo L. Synchronizing discrete event simulation models and system dynamics models. In: Proceedings of the 2017 international conference on industrial engineering and operations management (IEOM), Bristol, 24\u201325 July 2017, pp. 602\u2013613. New York: IEEE."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WSC.2010.5679026"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WSC.2013.6721568"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/JQME-06-2018-0056"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9364(2008)134:9(701)"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8667.2010.00650.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/9780784412329.107"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_109_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2014.08.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0164-1212(01)00065-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WSC.2008.4736226"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_112_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 28th international conference of the system dynamics society","author":"Chahal K","unstructured":"Chahal K, Eldabi T. A generic framework for hybrid simulation in healthcare. In: Proceedings of the 28th international conference of the system dynamics society, Seoul, South Korea, 25\u201329 July 2010, pp. 1\u201316. Littleton, MA: System Dynamics Society."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/17410391311289541"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_114_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0740817X.2013.851436"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_115_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WSC.2014.7020010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_116_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WSC.2016.7822204"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_117_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/hs.2016.4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_118_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WSC.2018.8632528"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_119_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/WSC.2012.6465314"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_120_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2016.08.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_121_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17477778.2021.1992312"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_122_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25827"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_123_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198545996.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_124_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2014.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_125_2","unstructured":"National Health Commission of the People\u2019s Republic of China. Diagnosis and treatment options on COVID-19. 4th ed. Beijing China: National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine 2020 http:\/\/www.gov.cn\/zhengce\/zhengceku\/2020-01\/28\/content_5472673.htm (accessed 15 February 2020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_126_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.46234\/ccdcw2020.082"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_127_2","first-page":"5737","article-title":"Establishment and application of fever clinics standardized triage","volume":"26","author":"Tian L","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tian L, Zhu W, Li L, et al. Establishment and application of fever clinics standardized triage. Chin J Nosocomiol 2016; 26: 5737\u20135739.","journal-title":"Chin J Nosocomiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_128_2","first-page":"818","article-title":"The outpatient management and strategies for 2019 novel coronavirus","volume":"11","author":"Zhang C","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang C, Xu J, Geng X, et al. The outpatient management and strategies for 2019 novel coronavirus. Chin Health Serv Manag 2020; 11: 818\u2013819.","journal-title":"Chin Health Serv Manag"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_129_2","first-page":"4","article-title":"Admission and diagnosis processes and containment practices in COVID-19-designated hospitals","volume":"26","author":"Zhang X","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zhang X, Han G, Chai Y, et al. Admission and diagnosis processes and containment practices in COVID-19-designated hospitals. J Qilu Nurs 2020; 26: 4\u20137.","journal-title":"J Qilu Nurs"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_130_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177728975"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_131_2","volume-title":"Operations research: algorithms and applications","author":"Sen RP","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sen RP. Operations research: algorithms and applications. New Delhi, India: PHI Learning, 2010."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_132_2","volume-title":"Simulation modeling and analysis","author":"Law AM","year":"2014","unstructured":"Law AM. Simulation modeling and analysis. 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2014.","edition":"5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_133_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.28.7.821"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_134_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.40.10.1245"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_135_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TAC.2008.2007173"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_136_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.2015.1375"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_137_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/358598.358613"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_138_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3916.3988"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_139_2","volume-title":"IEEE standard for modeling and simulation (M&S) high level architecture (HLA), federate interface specification","author":"The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","year":"2010","unstructured":"The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. IEEE standard for modeling and simulation (M&S) high level architecture (HLA), federate interface specification (IEEE Std. 1516.1-2010). New York: The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2010."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_140_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cor.2010.01.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_141_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-21741-9_26"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_142_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30287-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_143_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30243-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_144_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30566-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_145_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.20395"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_146_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/dmp.2013.43"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_147_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.7142"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_148_2","first-page":"1649","article-title":"Study on mask-wearing protective behavior among Chinese residents during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"33","author":"Cao S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cao S, Wen D, Chen X. Study on mask-wearing protective behavior among Chinese residents during the COVID-19 pandemic. Res Environ Sci 2020; 33: 1649\u20131658.","journal-title":"Res Environ Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_149_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17477778.2023.2189027"}],"container-title":["SIMULATION"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00375497261441339","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00375497261441339","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00375497261441339","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T07:00:48Z","timestamp":1780297248000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00375497261441339"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]]},"references-count":148,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00375497261441339"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00375497261441339","relation":{},"ISSN":["0037-5497","1741-3133"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0037-5497","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-3133","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]]}}}