{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T23:56:45Z","timestamp":1792108605992,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["INQUIRY"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and associated factors of gender-based violence (GBV) among second- and third-year female students of private colleges in Harar town, eastern Ethiopia . We conducted an institution-based cross-sectional study among 302 randomly selected second- and third-year female students attending private colleges in Harar town. We used descriptive statistics and logistic regression analyses. Adjusted odds ratios (AORs) with 95% confidence interval and a P value &lt; .05 were used to interpret associations and to declare a significance of asso ciation, respectively. A total of 298 (98.7%) participants completed the questionnaire, and the overall prevalence of GBV was 57.7% (n = 172). Specifically, 36.2% of the students experienced physical violence; 46.6%, sexual violence; and 56.4%, emotional\/verbal violence. The prevalence of attempted and completed rape was 36.7 and 28.8%, respectively. The following were significant predictors of GBV: age \u2264 19\u00a0years (AOR = 3.4; 95% CI, 1.4\u20135.3), monthly pocket money \u2264 240 Ethiopian Birr (AOR = 3.3; 95% CI, 1.7\u20135.9), Orthodox religion (AOR = 5.3; 95% CI, 1.9\u201314.4), Amhara ethnicity (AOR = 2.3; 95% CI, 1.65\u20134.2), living alone in a rented house (AOR = 3.2, 95% CI, 1.79\u20136.25), having a partner (husband or boyfriend; AOR = 4.42; 95% CI, 2.4\u20138.05), having a roommate with a boyfriend (AOR = 4; 95% CI, 2.8\u20137.6), and studying in the pharmacy department (AOR = 3.0; 95% CI, 1.1\u20137.6). This study found that a considerable number of female students were survivors of GBV while at college. The college authorities and other stakeholders need to combat GBV with interventions, such as GBV awareness programs, and legal protections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00469580211047197","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,24]],"date-time":"2021-10-24T23:36:35Z","timestamp":1635118595000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Prevalence and Associated Factors of Gender-Based Violence Among Female Students Attending Private Colleges in Harar Town, Eastern Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Ferhan","family":"Abubeker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, Harar Health Science College, Harar, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yadeta","family":"Dessie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0341-2329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nega","family":"Assefa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayele","family":"Geleto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Adorjan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t, Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics, Munich, Germany"},{"name":"Center for International Health, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0971-9778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tilahun","family":"Abdeta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, School of Nursing and Midwifery, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-00469580211047197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/0102.3772e34428"},{"key":"bibr2-00469580211047197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/gmj.v52i2.1"},{"key":"bibr3-00469580211047197","volume-title":"The Adolescent Experience In-Depth: Using Data to Identify and Reach the Most Vulnerable Young People: Tanzania 2009-2012","author":"Commission ZA","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr4-00469580211047197","volume-title":"The Status of Gender Based Violence and Related Servicesin Four Woredas (Woredas Surrounding Bahir Dar Town, Burayuworeda, Bakoworeda and Gulele Sub-city of Addis Ababa)","author":"Ethiopia C","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr5-00469580211047197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13691058.2015.1124456"},{"key":"bibr6-00469580211047197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5172\/conu.2006.21.2.186"},{"key":"bibr7-00469580211047197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31899\/rh5.1033"},{"key":"bibr8-00469580211047197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1559827611409512"},{"key":"bibr9-00469580211047197","volume-title":"Of World Population 2016: By Choice, Not by Chance","author":"UNFPA State","year":"2016"},{"key":"bibr10-00469580211047197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/e377652004-001"},{"key":"bibr11-00469580211047197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.1998.tb00978.x"},{"issue":"5","key":"bibr12-00469580211047197","first-page":"263","volume":"14","author":"Patel V","year":"2001","journal-title":"Natl Med J India"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr13-00469580211047197","first-page":"111","volume":"15","author":"Iliyasu Z","year":"2011","journal-title":"Afr J Reprod Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr14-00469580211047197","first-page":"58","volume":"62","author":"Menick DM","year":"2002","journal-title":"Med Trop (Mars)"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr15-00469580211047197","first-page":"167","volume":"36","author":"Mulugeta E","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ethiop Med J"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr16-00469580211047197","first-page":"1","volume":"1","author":"Letta T","year":"2013","journal-title":"OA Lib"},{"issue":"245","key":"bibr17-00469580211047197","first-page":"2167","volume":"4","author":"Benti T","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Women\u2019s Health Care"},{"key":"bibr18-00469580211047197","volume-title":"Prevalence and Factors Related to Gender Based Violence Among Female Students of Higher Learning Institutions in Mekelle Town, Tigray, Northern Ethiopi","author":"Gebreyohannes Y","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr19-00469580211047197","volume-title":"Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Central Statistical Agency Population Projection of Ethiopia for All Regions at Wereda Level from 2014\u20132017Addis Ababa","author":"Ababa A","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr20-00469580211047197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1891\/0886-6708.23.6.787"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr21-00469580211047197","first-page":"494","volume":"18","author":"Sulerhri A","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prof Med J"},{"key":"bibr22-00469580211047197","volume-title":"WHO Multi-Country Study on Women\u2019s Health and Domestic Violence against Women: Summary Report of Initial Results on Prevalence, Health Outcomes and Women\u2019s Responses","author":"WHO","year":"2005"},{"key":"bibr23-00469580211047197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)07530-X"},{"key":"bibr24-00469580211047197","volume-title":"Khat Botany, Distribution, Cultivation, Usage and Economics in Ethiopia","author":"Lemessa D","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr25-00469580211047197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-019-0969-9"},{"key":"bibr26-00469580211047197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540250120081751"},{"key":"bibr27-00469580211047197","volume-title":"Prevalence of Gender Based Violence in Northern Sierra Leone","author":"Alexander Y","year":"2017"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr28-00469580211047197","first-page":"1","volume":"27","author":"Heise L","year":"1999","journal-title":"Popul Rep"},{"key":"bibr29-00469580211047197","unstructured":"Rivers R. Shattered hopes: Study of sexual abuse of girls. New York, NY: UNICEF Botswana; 2000:34-45."},{"key":"bibr30-00469580211047197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14681810120041733"},{"key":"bibr31-00469580211047197","volume-title":"Suffering at School: Results of the Malawi Gender-Based Violence in Schools Survey","author":"Burton P","year":"2005"}],"container-title":["INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00469580211047197","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/00469580211047197","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/00469580211047197","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T11:06:17Z","timestamp":1777460777000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/00469580211047197"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"references-count":31,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/00469580211047197"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00469580211047197","relation":{},"ISSN":["0046-9580","1945-7243"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0046-9580","type":"print"},{"value":"1945-7243","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"article-number":"00469580211047197"}}