{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T12:09:05Z","timestamp":1787314145129,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["INQUIRY"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Globally, sexually transmitted infections are recognized as a public and reproductive health challenge. The study determined the prevalence, co-infection, and risk factors associated with HBV, HCV, HIV, and Syphilis infections among pregnant women receiving antenatal care in rural health facilities in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. A retrospective study was conducted from January to December 2018 in 8 primary healthcare facilities using antenatal records of all the 4657 pregnant women who attended ANC within the period. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics with IBM SPSS statistics version 20 and hypotheses tested at P\u2009&lt;\u2009.05. The findings indicated a medium prevalence of HBV (4.1%), a high prevalence of HCV (4.1%) and syphilis (1.8%), and a low prevalence of HIV (0.9%). An overall co-infection rate of 0.623% that was not significant ( P\u2009&gt;\u2009.05) was observed. Also, prevalence was more among the younger mothers (&lt;20\u2009years), those with secondary education. And the history of blood transfusion was significantly associated with HBV and HCV prevalence (\u03c7\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    = 7.865; P\u2009=\u2009.05*), 11.8%. conclusively, due to medium HBV prevalence and a high prevalence of HCV and syphilis observed, attention should be paid to blood screening before transfusion by health workers. Relevant stakeholders should provide intensive health education and appropriate free treatment services particularly for younger mothers and the less educated.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0046958021992912","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]],"date-time":"2021-03-19T03:10:59Z","timestamp":1616123459000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Co-infection and Risk Factors Associated with STIs among Pregnant Women in Rural Health Facilities in Nigeria: A Retrospective Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"58","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8697-8514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"MaryJoy","family":"Umoke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ebonyi State Ministry of Health Abakaliki, Abakaliki, Ebonyi, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Sage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AMURT Global Coordinating Office, Washington, DC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tor","family":"Bjoernsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AMURT, Abakaliki, Ebonyi, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prince Christian Ifeanachor","family":"Umoke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Ezeugworie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AMURT, Abakaliki, Ebonyi, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Ejiofor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AMURT, Abakaliki, Ebonyi, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ogbonna","family":"Agha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AMURT, Abakaliki, Ebonyi, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2124-6088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chioma Adaora","family":"Nwalieji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ebonyi State Ministry of Health Abakaliki, Abakaliki, Ebonyi, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosemary N.","family":"Onwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ebonyi State Ministry of Health Abakaliki, Abakaliki, Ebonyi, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ifeanyi Emmanuel","family":"Nwafor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, Abakaliki, Ebonyi, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Obinna Jude","family":"Chukwu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, Abakaliki, Ebonyi, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0046958021992912","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Sexual and reproductive health. 2020. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/03-02-2020-the-changing-world-of-adolescent-sexual-and-reproductive-health-and-rights. Accessed July 26, 2020."},{"key":"bibr2-0046958021992912","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/ojog.2012.21009"},{"key":"bibr3-0046958021992912","unstructured":"World Health Organization. More than 1 million new curable sexually transmitted infections every day. WHO factsheet. 2019. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/detail\/06-06-2019-more-than-1-million-new-curable-sexually-transmitted-infections-every-day. Accessed March 20, 2020."},{"key":"bibr4-0046958021992912","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.12.107623"},{"key":"bibr5-0046958021992912","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs): the importance of a renewed commitment to STI prevention and control in achieving global sexual and reproductive health. 2013. https:\/\/apps.who.int"},{"key":"bibr6-0046958021992912","first-page":"627","volume-title":"Sexually-Transmitted Diseases","author":"Hook EW","year":"2008","edition":"4"},{"key":"bibr7-0046958021992912","first-page":"1","volume":"64","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2015","journal-title":"MMWR"},{"issue":"12","key":"bibr8-0046958021992912","first-page":"1","volume":"12","author":"Elom MO","year":"2016","journal-title":"Res J Appl Sci"},{"key":"bibr9-0046958021992912","first-page":"29","author":"Center for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2018","journal-title":"HIV Surveillance Report;"},{"key":"bibr10-0046958021992912","volume-title":"Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance, 2018","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2019"},{"key":"bibr11-0046958021992912","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Hepatitis. 9 July, 2019. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/hepatitis-c. Accessed March 20, 2020."},{"key":"bibr12-0046958021992912","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.12.116"},{"key":"bibr13-0046958021992912","unstructured":"World Health Organization, Hepatitis B. 18 July, 2019. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/hepatitis-b. Accessed March 20, 2020."},{"key":"bibr14-0046958021992912","unstructured":"The United States National Viral Hepatitis Action Plan 2017\u20132020. https:\/\/www.hhs.gov\/hepatitis\/viral-hepatitis-national-strategic-plan\/index.html"},{"key":"bibr15-0046958021992912","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.5718"},{"key":"bibr16-0046958021992912","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soods S, Malranker S. 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Africa (\/) Nigeria employs numerous strategies to create awareness on viral Hepatitis nationwide. 2020 WHO | Regional Office for Africa. https:\/\/www.afro.who.int\/news\/nigeria-employs-numerous-strategies-create-awareness-viral-hepatitis-nationwide"},{"key":"bibr18-0046958021992912","first-page":"1","volume":"6","author":"Ugwuja EI.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Trop Med"},{"key":"bibr19-0046958021992912","volume-title":"Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (The Pink Book)","author":"Atkinson W","year":"2012","edition":"12"},{"key":"bibr20-0046958021992912","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4060-3.00012-0"},{"key":"bibr21-0046958021992912","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-8-12"},{"key":"bibr22-0046958021992912","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28156"},{"key":"bibr23-0046958021992912","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1334459"},{"key":"bibr24-0046958021992912","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)00124-9"},{"key":"bibr25-0046958021992912","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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