{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T14:53:27Z","timestamp":1777733607062,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["INQUIRY"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Monkeypox (MPX) is a zoonotic disease caused by the MPX virus from the poxviridae family of orthopoxviruses. Typically, endemic in central and west Africa, it has now become a matter of concern since cases have been reported in non-endemic countries around mid-June 2022, especially in the European region, with the transmission not related to travel. The diagnosis is made by PCR testing of the skin lesions. Even though treatment is symptomatic, antiretrovirals, such as tecovirimat, are used in severe cases. Vaccination with second and third generation vaccines is approved for prophylaxis in high risk individuals. Unfortunately, these options of treatment and prevention are only available in high income countries at the moment. This review, through a thorough literature search of articles from 2017 onward, focuses on epidemiology, clinical manifestations, challenges, treatment, prevention and control of MPX virus and how they can be corelated with other viral outbreaks including COVID-19, Acute Hepatitis of unknown origin, Measles and Dengue, to better predict and therefore prevent its transmission. The previous COVID-19 pandemic increased the disease burden on healthcare infrastructure of low-middle income countries, therefore, this recent MPX outbreak calls for a joint effort from healthcare authorities, political figures, and NGOs to combat the disease and prevent its further spread not only in high income but also in middle- and low-income countries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/00469580231175437","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,16]],"date-time":"2023-05-16T05:05:26Z","timestamp":1684213526000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Monkeypox Virus and Other Emerging Outbreaks: An Overview and Future Perspective"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Amatul Hadi","family":"Hamdana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Habiba","family":"Mohsin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zoaib","family":"Habib Tharwani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Waniyah","family":"Masood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amatul Quddus","family":"Furqana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karachi Medical and Dental College, Karachi, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Affan","family":"Sohail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amatul Rehman","family":"Durdana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Talal","family":"Ashraf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naseer","family":"Uddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zarmina","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6554-7619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Yasir","family":"Essar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Afghanistan National Charity Organization for Special Diseases, Kabul, Afghanistan"},{"name":"Kabul University of Medical Sciences, Kabul, Afghanistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roy Rillera","family":"Marzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, International Medical School, Management and Science University, Malaysia"},{"name":"Global Public Health, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zehra","family":"Habib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Usman Memorial Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-00469580231175437","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/IJERPH17249411"},{"key":"bibr2-00469580231175437","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/S40794-020-00129-9"},{"key":"bibr3-00469580231175437","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0296-2"},{"key":"bibr4-00469580231175437","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)02075-X"},{"key":"bibr5-00469580231175437","unstructured":"WHO Director-General\u2019s statement at the press conference following IHR Emergency Committee regarding the multi-country outbreak of monkeypox - 23 July 2022."},{"key":"bibr6-00469580231175437","unstructured":"2022 Monkeypox Outbreak: Global Trends. 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